Chapter 3 – VFCW Types

This chapter presents the various variants of vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) based on the hydraulic mode of operation. A brief description of the construction and operational characteristics of the following VFCW variants is given: VFCWs with intermittent loading (downflow), The French system, recirculating VFCWs, tidal flow CWs, saturated vertical upflow CWs, saturated vertical downflow CWs, and integrated VFCWs. Additionally, the main operational problem of most VFCW systems, bed clogging, is presented, and the main mechanisms and contributing factors for clogging phenomena in VFCWs are discussed.

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