Highly sensitive reduced graphene oxide microelectrode array sensor.

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been fabricated into a microelectrode array (MEA) using a modified nanoimprint lithography (NIL) technique. Through a modified NIL process, the rGO MEA was fabricated by a self-alignment of conducting Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) and rGO layer without etching of the rGO layer. The rGO MEA consists of an array of 10μm circular disks and microelectrode signature has been found at a pitch spacing of 60μm. The rGO MEA shows a sensitivity of 1.91nAμm(-1) to dopamine (DA) without the use of mediators or functionalization of the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) active layer. The performance of rGO MEA remains stable when tested under highly resistive media using a continuous flow set up, as well as when subjecting it to mechanical stress. The successful demonstration of NIL for fabricating rGO microelectrodes on flexible substrate presents a route for the large scale fabrication of highly sensitive, flexible and thin biosensing platform.

[1]  Peng Chen,et al.  Centimeter-long and large-scale micropatterns of reduced graphene oxide films: fabrication and sensing applications. , 2010, ACS nano.

[2]  Wei Liu,et al.  Simultaneous electrochemical detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid based on nitrogen doped porous carbon nanopolyhedra. , 2013, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[3]  Xiaoyong Zou,et al.  Electrochemical Behavior and Determination of L‐Tyrosine at Single‐walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode , 2008 .

[4]  G. Shi,et al.  A three-dimensional interpenetrating electrode of reduced graphene oxide for selective detection of dopamine. , 2014, The Analyst.

[5]  C. G. Zoski Handbook of Electrochemistry , 2006 .

[6]  M. I. Montenegro,et al.  Microelectrodes : theory and applications , 1991 .

[7]  G. S. Wilson,et al.  Polymeric mercaptosilane-modified platinum electrodes for elimination of interferants in glucose biosensors. , 1996, Analytical chemistry.

[8]  Zhennan Gu,et al.  Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Norepinephrine at a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes , 2002 .

[9]  R. Wightman,et al.  Electrochemical Dopamine Detection: Comparing Gold and Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes using Background Subtracted Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. , 2008, Journal of electroanalytical chemistry.

[10]  Allen J. Bard,et al.  Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications , 1980 .

[11]  Annamalai Senthil Kumar,et al.  Enzyme-less and selective electrochemical sensing of catechol and dopamine using ferrocene bound Nafion membrane modified electrode , 2010 .

[12]  L. J. Guo,et al.  Nanoimprint Lithography: Methods and Material Requirements , 2007 .

[13]  James H. White,et al.  Electrochemical processes at well-defined surfaces , 1984 .

[14]  Siti Kartom Kamarudin,et al.  Graphene production via electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide: Synthesis and characterisation , 2014 .

[15]  L. Kubota,et al.  Development of an Amperometric Sensor Highly Selective For Dopamine and Analogous Compounds Determination Using Bis(2,2′-Bipyridil) Copper(II) Chloride Complex , 2003 .

[16]  Richard G Compton,et al.  Mass transport to micro- and nanoelectrodes and their arrays: a review. , 2012, Chemical record.

[17]  C. Brett,et al.  Microelectrode arrays: application in batch-injection analysis , 1999 .

[18]  Hua Zhang,et al.  Graphene-based electrochemical sensors. , 2013, Small.

[19]  Cecilia Lete,et al.  Electrochemical sensors based on platinum electrodes modified with hybrid inorganic–organic coatings for determination of 4-nitrophenol and dopamine , 2009 .

[20]  Harry O. Finklea,et al.  Characterization of octadecanethiol-coated gold electrodes as microarray electrodes by cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance spectroscopy , 1993 .

[21]  Zhiyong Zhang,et al.  Ultrasensitive label-free detection of PNA-DNA hybridization by reduced graphene oxide field-effect transistor biosensor. , 2014, ACS nano.

[22]  Shuhong Yu,et al.  Flexible graphene–polyaniline composite paper for high-performance supercapacitor , 2013 .

[23]  Lan Wang,et al.  Electrochemical sensing of catechol using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a composite made from silver nanoparticles, polydopamine, and graphene , 2013, Microchimica Acta.

[24]  G. Shi,et al.  Graphene-based gas sensors , 2013 .

[25]  Stephen R. Forrest,et al.  Introduction: Organic Electronics and Optoelectronics , 2007 .

[26]  Jing Wang,et al.  Enhanced room temperature sensing of Co3O4-intercalated reduced graphene oxide based gas sensors , 2013 .

[27]  Shenhao Chen,et al.  Highly sensitive and selective detection of dopamine based on hollow gold nanoparticles-graphene nanocomposite modified electrode. , 2013, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[28]  C. Saby,et al.  Electrochemical Modification of Glassy Carbon Electrode Using Aromatic Diazonium Salts. 1. Blocking Effect of 4-Nitrophenyl and 4-Carboxyphenyl Groups , 1997 .

[29]  D E Reed,et al.  Direct electron transfer reactions of cytochrome c at silver electrodes. , 1987, Analytical chemistry.

[30]  Liqiong Wu,et al.  Reduced graphene oxide electrically contacted graphene sensor for highly sensitive nitric oxide detection. , 2011, ACS nano.

[31]  Feng Gao,et al.  Highly sensitive and selective detection of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid at graphene oxide modified electrode , 2013 .

[32]  Yuehe Lin,et al.  Nanomaterials for bio-functionalized electrodes: recent trends. , 2013, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[33]  Saurabh Chopra,et al.  Selective gas detection using a carbon nanotube sensor , 2003 .

[34]  M. Pumera,et al.  Chemical reduction of graphene oxide: a synthetic chemistry viewpoint. , 2014, Chemical Society reviews.

[35]  M. Reed,et al.  Electropolymerization on microelectrodes: functionalization technique for selective protein and DNA conjugation. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[36]  R. Pashley,et al.  De-gassed water is a better cleaning agent. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[37]  K. Jellinger,et al.  Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington. Clinical, morphological and neurochemical correlations. , 1973, Journal of the neurological sciences.

[38]  Sundaram Gunasekaran,et al.  Indium tin oxide-coated glass modified with reduced graphene oxide sheets and gold nanoparticles as disposable working electrodes for dopamine sensing in meat samples. , 2012, Nanoscale.

[39]  J. Swanson,et al.  Dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. , 1996, Molecular psychiatry.

[40]  R. Mahajan,et al.  Electrochemical detection of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid using graphene modified electrodes. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[41]  Renaud Demadrille,et al.  Electroactive materials for organic electronics: preparation strategies, structural aspects and characterization techniques. , 2010, Chemical Society reviews.

[42]  Ping Li,et al.  A hydrogen peroxide sensor based on electrochemically roughened silver electrodes , 2009 .

[43]  Li Niu,et al.  Electrochemical sensor for dopamine based on a novel graphene-molecular imprinted polymers composite recognition element. , 2011, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[44]  K. W. Pratt,et al.  Proposed New Electrolytic Conductivity Primary Standards for KCl Solutions , 1991, Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

[45]  L. Gu,et al.  Three-dimensional graphene nanosheet encrusted carbon micropillar arrays for electrochemical sensing. , 2012, Nanoscale.

[46]  Richard G. Compton,et al.  The electrochemical oxidation of catechol and dopamine on platinum in 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C2mim][NTf2]) and 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C4mim][BF4]): Adsorption effects in ionic liquid voltammetry , 2010 .

[47]  Junhua Wei,et al.  A reduced graphene oxide based electrochemical biosensor for tyrosine detection. , 2012, Nanotechnology.

[48]  Richard G Compton,et al.  Microelectrode arrays for electrochemistry: approaches to fabrication. , 2009, Small.

[49]  C. Lim,et al.  Patterning of graphene with tunable size and shape for microelectrode array devices , 2014 .

[50]  Koichi Aoki,et al.  Theory of ultramicroelectrodes , 1993 .

[51]  Peter Tomcík,et al.  Microelectrode Arrays with Overlapped Diffusion Layers as Electroanalytical Detectors: Theory and Basic Applications , 2013, Sensors.

[52]  Mianqi Xue,et al.  Facile patterning of reduced graphene oxide film into microelectrode array for highly sensitive sensing. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.