Optical studies of two dimensional gratings in fused silica, GE 124, and Foturan glasses fabricated using femtosecond laser pulses

Herein we present results on the femtosecond laser direct writing and optical characterization studies of two dimensional gratings in fused silica, GE 124, and Foturan glasses. Varieties of structures were achieved with varying input energy and spatial orientation of the samples. Various characterization techniques including fluorescence spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and laser confocal microscopy were employed to analyze the structural and physical modifications at the focal volume resulting in change of refractive index. Diffraction efficiencies of �9–12% were observed from the grating structures. A broad-band emission was observed in the laser-modified region of the Foturan glass. The obtained results are analyzed in the light of recent work in similar glasses and exploring the applications of such structures in the fields of photonics.

[1]  Koji Sugioka,et al.  Microfluidic laser embedded in glass by three-dimensional femtosecond laser microprocessing. , 2004, Optics letters.

[2]  K. Sugioka,et al.  3D MICROSTRUCTURING OF GLASS BY FEMTOSECOND LASER DIRECT WRITING AND APPLICATION TO BIOPHOTONIC MICROCHIPS , 2008 .

[3]  Cyril Hnatovsky,et al.  Pulse duration dependence of femtosecond-laser-fabricated nanogratings in fused silica , 2005 .

[4]  K. Miura,et al.  Writing waveguides in glass with a femtosecond laser. , 1996, Optics letters.

[5]  Peter R. Herman,et al.  A spectroscopic comparison of femtosecond-laser-modified fused silica using kilohertz and megahertz laser systems , 2006 .

[6]  Zhi‐zhan Xu,et al.  Formation mechanism of self-organized voids in dielectrics induced by tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses , 2008 .

[7]  Koji Sugioka,et al.  3D integration of microcomponents in a single glass chip by femtosecond laser direct writing for biochemical analysis , 2007 .

[8]  Bianca Schreder,et al.  Femtosecond laser-induced refractive index modification in multicomponent glasses , 2005 .

[9]  Yasuhiko Shimotsuma,et al.  Nanofabrication in transparent materials with a femtosecond pulse laser , 2006 .

[10]  P. Corkum,et al.  Optically produced arrays of planar nanostructures inside fused silica. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[11]  F. Yoshino,et al.  Fusion Welding of Glass Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses with High-repetition Rates , 2007 .

[12]  Thomas R Huser,et al.  Modification of the fused silica glass network associated with waveguide fabrication using femtosecond laser pulses , 2003 .

[13]  R. Taylor,et al.  Applications of femtosecond laser induced self‐organized planar nanocracks inside fused silica glass , 2008 .

[14]  Martin Ams,et al.  Direct laser written waveguide-Bragg gratings in bulk fused silica. , 2006, Optics letters.

[15]  I. Bennion,et al.  Investigation of Ultrafast Laser--Photonic Material Interactions: Challenges for Directly Written Glass Photonics , 2008, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[16]  D. Jaque,et al.  field optical and micro-luminescence investigations of femtosecond laser micro-structured Nd:YAG crystals. , 2007, Optics express.

[17]  Koji Sugioka,et al.  Fabrication of integrated microchip for optical sensing by femtosecond laser direct writing of Foturan glass , 2008 .

[18]  Hong Yang,et al.  Optical waveguide writing inside Foturan glass with femtosecond laser pulses , 2007 .

[19]  J. R. Vázquez de Aldana,et al.  Optical waveguide arrays induced in fused silica by void-like defects using femtosecond laser pulses , 2007 .

[20]  Andrew A. Bettiol,et al.  Fabrication of buried channel waveguides in photosensitive glass using proton beam writing , 2006 .

[21]  Saulius Juodkazis,et al.  Laser-induced microexplosion confined in a bulk of silica: formation of nanovoids , 2006 .

[22]  A. Chiappini,et al.  Micro-Raman mapping of micro-gratings in Baccarat glass directly written using femtosecond laser , 2008, SPIE LASE.

[23]  Christelle Monat,et al.  Integrated optofluidics: A new river of light , 2007 .

[24]  K Miura,et al.  Infrared femtosecond laser pulse induced permanent reduction of Eu3+ to Eu2+ in a fluorozirconate glass. , 1999, Optics letters.

[25]  Koji Sugioka,et al.  Three-dimensional micro-optical components embedded in photosensitive glass by a femtosecond laser. , 2003, Optics letters.

[26]  Robert R. Thomson,et al.  Optical waveguide fabrication in z-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO3) using femtosecond pulses in the low repetition rate regime , 2006 .

[27]  O. Svelto,et al.  Waveguide lasers in the C-band fabricated by laser inscription with a compact femtosecond oscillator , 2006, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.

[28]  Jan Siegel,et al.  Mechanisms of refractive index modification during femtosecond laser writing of waveguides in alkaline lead-oxide silicate glass , 2005 .

[29]  Peter G. Kazansky,et al.  ``Quill'' writing with ultrashort light pulses in transparent materials , 2007 .

[30]  F. L. Galeener.  Raman and ESR studies of the thermal history of amorphous SiO2 , 1985 .

[31]  Koji Sugioka,et al.  Optical gratings embedded in photosensitive glass by photochemical reaction using a femtosecond laser. , 2003, Optics express.

[32]  Henry Helvajian,et al.  Aspect ratios, sizes, and etch rates in photostructurable glass-ceramic , 2008, SPIE MOEMS-MEMS.

[33]  Koji Sugioka,et al.  Three-dimensional microfluidic structure embedded in photostructurable glass by femtosecond laser for lab-on-chip applications , 2004 .

[34]  Roberto Osellame,et al.  Micromachining of photonic devices by femtosecond laser pulses , 2008 .

[35]  Weijia Yang,et al.  Self-assembled periodic sub-wavelength structures by femtosecond laser direct writing. , 2006, Optics express.

[36]  Stefan Puschmann,et al.  F2-laser microfabrication of sub-μm gratings in fused silica , 2003, Photonics Fabrication Europe.

[37]  E. J. Teo,et al.  Integrating photonic and microfluidic structures on a device fabricated using proton beam writing , 2006, SPIE Photonics Europe.

[38]  J. Lewis,et al.  Direct writing in three dimensions , 2004 .

[39]  Elliott,et al.  Regular ring dynamics in AX2 tetrahedral glasses. , 1993, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[40]  E. Mazur,et al.  Micromachining bulk glass by use of femtosecond laser pulses with nanojoule energy. , 2001, Optics letters.

[41]  Douglas B. Chrisey,et al.  The Power of Direct Writing , 2000, Science.

[42]  Martin Richardson,et al.  Laser-induced defects in fused silica by femtosecond IR irradiation , 2006 .

[43]  E. Mazur,et al.  Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials , 2008 .

[44]  M. Obara,et al.  Self-fabrication of void array in fused silica by femtosecond laser processing , 2005 .

[45]  K. Itoh,et al.  Ultrafast Processes for Bulk Modification of Transparent Materials , 2006 .

[46]  Y. Bellouard,et al.  Fabrication of high-aspect ratio, micro-fluidic channels and tunnels using femtosecond laser pulses and chemical etching. , 2004, Optics express.

[47]  Saulius Juodkazis,et al.  Void recording in silica , 2006 .

[48]  Martin Richardson,et al.  Femtosecond laser fabrication of tubular waveguides in poly(methyl methacrylate). , 2004, Optics letters.

[49]  Andrew G. Glen,et al.  APPL , 2001 .

[50]  Razvan Stoian,et al.  Dynamics of femtosecond laser induced voidlike structures in fused silica , 2009 .

[51]  C. Depeursinge,et al.  Femtosecond irradiation induced refractive-index changes and channel waveguiding in bulk Ti/sup 3+/:sapphire , 2004, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2004. (CLEO)..

[52]  E. Mazur,et al.  Ultrafast-laser driven micro-explosions in transparent materials , 1997 .

[53]  Uwe Morgner,et al.  Er:Yb-doped waveguide laser fabricated by femtosecond laser pulses. , 2004, Optics letters.

[54]  Peter G. Kazansky,et al.  Ultrashort-pulse laser calligraphy , 2008 .

[55]  Martin Richardson,et al.  Optical properties of infrared femtosecond laser-modified fused silica and application to waveguide fabrication , 2005 .

[56]  Kazuyuki Hirao,et al.  Femtosecond laser-induced microfeatures in glasses and their applications , 2008 .

[57]  Y. Shimotsuma,et al.  Self-organized nanogratings in glass irradiated by ultrashort light pulses. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[58]  Mark Dugan,et al.  Waveguide electro-optic modulator in fused silica fabricated by femtosecond laser direct writing and thermal poling. , 2006, Optics letters.

[59]  Ya Cheng,et al.  Standing electron plasma wave mechanism of void array formation inside glass by femtosecond laser irradiation , 2007 .

[60]  G. Lim,et al.  Fabrication of waveguides in Foturan by femtosecond laser , 2006 .

[61]  Chongjun Zhao,et al.  Controllable precipitation and dissolution of silver nanoparticles in ultrafast laser pulses irradiated Ag+-doped phosphate glass. , 2004, Optics express.

[62]  Koji Sugioka,et al.  Investigation of photoreaction mechanism of photosensitive glass by femtosecond laser , 2005 .

[63]  J. Nishii,et al.  Optical seizing and merging of voids in silica glass with infrared femtosecond laser pulses. , 2000, Optics letters.

[64]  A. Bettiol,et al.  Embedded photonic structures fabricated in photosensitive glass using proton beam writing , 2007 .

[65]  Pablo F. Meilan,et al.  Femtosecond laser written surface waveguides fabricated in Nd:YAG ceramics. , 2007, Optics express.

[66]  Z. Lu,et al.  Fabrication and stitching of embedded multi-layer micro-gratings in fused silica glass by fs laser pulses , 2006 .

[67]  Gong Qi-Huang,et al.  Sub-diffraction-Limit Voids in Bulk Quartz Induced by Femtosecond Laser Pulses , 2001 .

[68]  Peter G. Kazansky,et al.  Non-reciprocal ultrafast laser writing , 2008 .

[69]  Koji Sugioka,et al.  3-D microstructuring inside photosensitive glass by femtosecond laser excitation , 2003 .

[70]  P. Laporta,et al.  Fabrication of long microchannels with circular cross section using astigmatically shaped femtosecond laser pulses and chemical etching , 2006 .

[71]  Michel Meunier,et al.  Three-dimensional crystallization inside photosensitive glasses by focused femtosecond laser , 2006 .

[72]  G. G. Stokes.  "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[73]  Saulius Juodkazis,et al.  Three-Dimensional Micro-and Nano-Structuring of Materials by Tightly Focused Laser Radiation , 2008 .