Avian Orientation: Multiple Sensory Cues and the Advantage of Redundancy

Orientation, in the broadest sense, designates two basically different phenomena: the control of an animal’s position and stability in space, and the control of an animal’s path through space. The present chapter is concerned with the latter — the problem of getting from point A to a goal at point B. We also restrict our considerations to long distance orientation, where the animal has no direct visual, auditory or olfactory contact with the goal.

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