Watermark Embedding Techniques for DNA Sequences Using Codon Usage Bias Features

In order to protect intellectual property of DNA sequences or identify gene patterns transplanted in cells, watermark technology is important. Like embedding meta-data in the header positions in multimedia files, we can embed additional data in non-coding regions of DNA [1]. Moreover, a similar approach as embedding watermarks in main contents in multimedia files can be made using synonymous codon features. We can embed watermarks in coding regions of DNA without giving them any functional changes [1]. However, these previous methods destruct several parts of original DNA sequences, and we have to preserve original sequences accompanying with watermark embedded ones. In this paper, we propose reversible watermark embedding techniques, applying codon usage bias features [2], which can reconstruct original sequences from embedded ones.