Tidal friction and the earth's rotation II : proceedings of a workshop held at the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research (ZiF) of the University of Bielefeld, September 28-October 3, 1981

Julius Robert Mayer's Ideas oil a Theory of Tidal Friction.- Tidal Friction Parameters from Satellite Observations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tidal Perturbations on Satellites Orbits.- 2.1 Solid Tide.- 2.2 Ocean Tide.- 3. Global Ocean Tide Models.- 4. Lunar Tidal Deceleration and Tidal Earth' Q.- 5. Lunar Laser Ranging Results.- References.- On Some Topical Problems of the Dynamics of the Earth-Moon System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Earth-Moon Force Function.- 3. The Effect of R?c on the Earth's Rotation Dynamics.- 4. Theoretical Non-Tidal Acceleration in the Moon's Mean Motion on the Basis of Celestial Mechanics and the Non-Tidal Acceleration in the Earth's Rotation.- 5. Other Phenomena.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- History of the Earth's Rotation Since 700 B.C..- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Lunar Acceleration (n).- 3. Analyses of Telescopic Observations: 1620-1978.- 3.1 Decade Fluctuations: 1620-1860.- 3.2 Decade Fluctuations: 1861-1978.- 3.3 ?T Curve: 1620-1978.- 3.4 Changes in the Length of Day and Associated Torques.- 4. Medieval Fluctuations.- 4.1 Observations made by Clavius.- 4.2 Other Medieval Observations.- 4.3 ?T Variation in Medieval Times.- 5. Analysis of Ancient Observations.- 5.1 Discussion of Fotheringham's Ancient Eclipse Data.- 5.2 Babylonian Lunar Eclipse Timings.- 5.3 Comparison with Ancient Observations of Large Solar Eclipses.- 6. Geophysical Implications.- References.- Deceleration of the Earth's Rotation from Old Solar Observations.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 ET and UT.- 1.2 Relation Between Time Scales.- 1.3 Longitude and Motion of the Sun.- 1.4 Length of the Tropical Year.- 2. Analysis of Solar Tables.- 2.1 Description of Tables.- 2.2 Longitude Comparison.- 3. The Length of the Year (Motion Comparison).- 3.1 Reduction of Equinox Observations.- 3.2 Hipparchus' Equinox Observations.- 3.3 Arab Equinox Observations.- 3.4 Bernhard Walther's Equinox Observations.- 3.5 Greenwich Equinox Observations.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- Long Time Integration of the Moon's Orbit.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Physical Processes: A Qualitative Analysis.- 2.1 Forces.- 2.2 Equations of Evolution.- 2.3 Numerical Values.- 2.4 Precessional Equations.- 2.5 History of the Orbital Elements.- 4. Conclusion.- Appendix I. The Present Status of the Gravitational Secular Acceleration.- Appendix II. Precessional Equations.- References.- The Earth's Non-Uniform Rotation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Angular Momentum of the Atmosphere.- 3. The Decade Variations in the Length of the Day and Core-Mantle Coupling.- References.- The Rotation and the Magnetic Field of the Earth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Weak or Strong Toroidal Fields?.- 3. Electromagnetic Core-Mantle Coupling.- References.- Gravitational Heating of Jovian Satellites by Tidal Friction.- References.- Balance Problems in Tidal Computations.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Observational Facts.- 1.2 Theoretical Approach.- 1.3 Motivation and Aims.- 2. Theoretical Considerations.- 2.1 General Physical and Celestial-Mechanical Remarks.- 2.1.1 On the Terminology of Balance Equations.- 2.1.2 Special Balance Equations.- 2.1.3 "Absolute" Balances of the Earth-Moon System.- 2.1.4 Interaction of the Subsystems.- 2.1.5 The Gerstenkorn Event.- 2.2 Oceanographical Remarks.- 2.2.1 The Consideration of Barotropic Tides and Its Implications.- 2.2.2 The Budget of Angular Momentum.- 2.2.3 The Budget of Kinetic Energy.- 2.2.4 The Budget of Potential Energy.- 3. Numerical Estimates.- 3.1 General Remarks.- 3.2 Angular Momenta with Respect to the Earth's Rotation and Budget Quantities.- 3.2.1 Period Mean.- 3.2.2 The "Time-Resolved" Angular Momentum Budget.- 3.3 Mechanical Energies and Budget Quantities.- 3.3.1 Period Means.- 3.3.2 The "Time-Resolved" Kinetic Energy Budget.- 4. Conclusions.- A.1 General Physical and Celestial-Mechanical Considerations.- A.1.1 Balance Equations (General Form).- A.1.2 Special Balance Equations.- A.1.3 Conservation Relations in the "Absolute" System.- A.1.4 Interactions of the Subsystems and Simplifications.- A.1.5 Estimate for the Gerstenkorn Event.- A.2 Oceanic Considerations.- A.2.1 Derivation of the Model Equations.- A.2.2 The Balance Equation of Oceanic Angular Momentum.- A.2.3 The Balance Equation of the Oceanic Kinetic Energy.- A.2.4 On the Oceanic Potential Energies and Their Balances.- A.3 List of Symbols.- A.3.1 Normal Symbols and Some Dependent Quantities.- A.3.2 Mathematical Operators.- A.3.3 Subscripts.- A.3.4 Superscripts.- A.3.5 Transfers, Conversions and Storages.- References.- The Resonance Behavior of the World Ocean.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tidal Resonance and Momentum Transfer.- 3. The Eigen Modes of the Present Ocean.- 4. Conclusions for the History of the Oceans.- References.- Tidal Friction for Times Around the Presence.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Extension of the Hydro dynamic-Numerical Model.- 3. Results.- 3.1 Tidal Elevations and Velocities.- 3.2 Movements of the Center of Mass.- 3.3 Balance of Energy.- 3.4 Balance of Angular Momentum and the Moon's Torque on the Earth.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- Paleotides Before the Permian.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Method.- 2.1 Calculation of Tidal Torques.- 2.2 Calculation of Paleotides.- 3. Results.- 3.1 Silurian Paleotides.- 3.2 Ordovician Paleotides.- 3.3 Tidal Torques for Ancient Oceans.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Summary.- References.- On the Reduction in Tidal Dissipation Produced by Increases in the Earth's Rotation Rate and Its Effect on the Long-Term History of the Moon's Orbit.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Ocean Model.- 3. The Astronomical Model.- 4. Results.- 5. Discussion.- References.- A Note on the Variability of Growth Increment Formation in the Shell of the Common Cockle Cerastoderma edule.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Different Types of Growth Patterns.- 3. Material and Method.- 4. Observations.- 5. Discussion.- References.- Paleogeography and Paleobathymetry: Quantitative Reconstructions of Ocean Basins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Paleogeographic Reconstructions.- 2.1 Ocean Basins.- 2.2 Epicontinental Seas.- 3. Paleobathymetric Reconstructions.- 4. An Example: The Tertiary Atlantic Ocean.- References.- Mesozoic and Cenozoic Paleogeographic Maps.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Continental Fits.- 3. Paleomagnetic Orientations.- 4. Convergent Zones.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- Movements of the Continental Crust and Lithosphere-Aestenosphere Systems in Precambrian Times.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Proterozoic Supercontinent.- 3. The Precambrian a.p.w. Path.- 3.1 2850-2200 m.y..- 3.2 2200-2000 m.y..- 3.3 2000-1750 m.y..- 3.4 1750-1520 m.y..- 3.5 1450-1125 m.y..- 3.6 Continental Breakup and Relative Movements at ca. 1100 m.y..- 3.7 1125-1000 m.y..- 3.8 1020-840 m.y..- 3.9 840-500 m.y..- 3.10 The Continental Breakup and Dispersal in Lower Cambrian Times.- 3.11 Summary of Continental Movements in Precambrian Times.- 4. Geophysical Implications of the Precambrian Palaeomagnetic Record.- 4.1 The a.p.w. Correlation Paradox and Limits to Change in the Earth's Palaeoradius.- 4.2 The Axial Geocentric Dipole Assumption.- 4.3 The Intensity of the Precambrian Magnetic Field.- 4.4 The Polarity History of the Magnetic Field.- 5. Continental Concolidation and Lithosphere Development.- 5.1 The Evolution of Tectonic and Magmatic Environments.- 5.2 The Relationship to Lithosphere Development and Aesthenosphere Convection.- 6. Shelf Seas in Precambrian Times.- 6.1 Deduction from the Geological Record.- 6.2 Implications to Tidal Friction.- References.- Chemical and Isotopic Evidence for the Early History of the Earth-Moon System.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Primordial Abundances of Chemical Elements.- 1.2 Chemistry of Meteorites.- 1.3 Fractionation of Chemical Elements with Respect to Their Volatility.- 2. Basalts from Four Planets.- 3. Correlated Elements.- 4. Chemistry and Formation of Earth and Moon.- 4.1 Chemistry of the Earth.- 4.2 Accretion Sequence of the Earth and the Other Inner Planets.- 4.3 Chemistry of the Moon.- 4.4 Mn, Cr and V in the Earth's Mantle and the Moon.- 5. Origin of the Moon.- References.- Concluding Remarks.