The rice 14-3-3 gene family and its involvement in responses to biotic and abiotic stress.

14-3-3 proteins function as major regulators of primary metabolism and cellular signal transduction in plants. However, their involvement in plant defense and stress responses is largely unknown. In order to better address functions of the rice 14-3-3/GF14 proteins in defense and abiotic stress responses, we examined the rice GF14 family that comprises eight numbers. The phylogenetic comparison with the Arabidopsis 14-3-3 family revealed that the majority of rice GF14s might have evolved as an independent branch. At least four rice GF14 genes, GF14b, GF14c, GF14e and Gf14f were differentially regulated in the interactions of rice-Magnaporthe grisea and rice-Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, and the incompatible interactions stronger induced the genes than the compatible interactions. These GF14 genes were also induced by the defense compounds, benzothiadiazole, methyl jasmonate, ethephon and hydrogen peroxide. Similarly, they were differentially regulated by salinity, drought, wounding and abscisic acid. Tissue-specific analysis and expression of GF14-YFP fusions revealed that the four GF14 isoforms were expressed with tissue specificity and accumulated differentially in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Our current study provides fundamental information for the further investigation of the rice GF14 proteins.

[1]  M. Malerba,et al.  Comparison between the effects of fusicoccin, Tunicamycin, and Brefeldin A on programmed cell death of cultured sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) cells , 2004, Protoplasma.

[2]  I. Somssich,et al.  Synthetic Plant Promoters Containing Defined Regulatory Elements Provide Novel Insights into Pathogen- and Wound-Induced Signaling Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.010412. , 2002, The Plant Cell Online.

[3]  Jian-Kang Zhu,et al.  Cell Signaling during Cold, Drought, and Salt Stress Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.000596. , 2002, The Plant Cell Online.

[4]  R. Tenhaken,et al.  Cloning of genes by mRNA differential display induced during the hypersensitive reaction of soybean after inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea , 1998, Plant Molecular Biology.

[5]  S. Goff,et al.  A network of rice genes associated with stress response and seed development , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[6]  D. Bowles,et al.  Fusicoccin, 14-3-3 proteins, and defense responses in tomato plants. , 1999, Plant physiology.

[7]  Jing Wang,et al.  Overexpression of the Arabidopsis 14-3-3 protein GF14 lambda in cotton leads to a "stay-green" phenotype and improves stress tolerance under moderate drought conditions. , 2004, Plant & cell physiology.

[8]  A. Séguin,et al.  14-3-3 gene family in hybrid poplar and its involvement in tree defence against pathogens. , 2001, Journal of experimental botany.

[9]  M. Roberts.  14-3-3 proteins find new partners in plant cell signalling. , 2003, Trends in plant science.

[10]  Takuji Sasaki,et al.  The map-based sequence of the rice genome , 2005, Nature.

[11]  M. Palmgren,et al.  14‐3‐3 proteins activate a plant calcium‐dependent protein kinase (CDPK) , 1998, FEBS letters.

[12]  H. Goodman,et al.  Cloning and expression of an Arabidopsis gene encoding a putative peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase , 1997, Plant Molecular Biology.

[13]  C. Finnie,et al.  Do 14-3-3 proteins and plasma membrane H+-ATPases interact in the barley epidermis in response to the barley powdery mildew fungus? , 2002, Plant Molecular Biology.

[14]  R. Ferl,et al.  A NaCl-regulated plant gene encoding a brain protein homology that activates ADP ribosyltransferase and inhibits protein kinase C. , 1994, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[15]  Tom D. Bunney,et al.  14-3-3 protein is a regulator of the mitochondrial and chloroplast ATP synthase , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[16]  M. Palmgren,et al.  The 14-3-3 protein interacts directly with the C-terminal region of the plant plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase. , 1997, The Plant cell.

[17]  B. Gill,et al.  Candidate gene analysis of quantitative disease resistance in wheat , 1999, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[18]  J. Salinas,et al.  14-3-3 proteins and the response to abiotic and biotic stress , 2002, Plant Molecular Biology.

[19]  H. Goodman,et al.  An Arabidopsis gene encoding a putative 14-3-3-interacting protein, caffeic acid/5-hydroxyferulic acid O-methyltransferase. , 1997, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[20]  Robert J Ferl,et al.  Consummating signal transduction: the role of 14-3-3 proteins in the completion of signal-induced transitions in protein activity. , 2002, The Plant cell.

[21]  F. Madueño,et al.  Dimerization of Arabidopsis 14‐3‐3 proteins: structural requirements within the N‐terminal domain and effect of calcium , 1999, FEBS letters.

[22]  C. Larsson,et al.  A phosphothreonine residue at the C-terminal end of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase is protected by fusicoccin-induced 14-3-3 binding. , 1998, Plant physiology.

[23]  Chung,et al.  The 14-3-3 proteins: cellular regulators of plant metabolism. , 1999, Trends in plant science.

[24]  Li-li Chen,et al.  A Receptor Kinase-Like Protein Encoded by the Rice Disease Resistance Gene, Xa21 , 1995, Science.

[25]  J. Glazebrook.  Genes controlling expression of defense responses in Arabidopsis. , 1999, Current opinion in plant biology.

[26]  S. Ishida,et al.  Involvement of 14-3-3 Signaling Protein Binding in the Functional Regulation of the Transcriptional Activator REPRESSION OF SHOOT GROWTH by Gibberellins , 2004, The Plant Cell Online.

[27]  K. Shinozaki,et al.  Organization of cis-acting regulatory elements in osmotic- and cold-stress-responsive promoters. , 2005, Trends in plant science.

[28]  M. Hill,et al.  Identification of disease response genes expressed in Gossypium hirsutum upon infection with the wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae , 1999, Plant Molecular Biology.

[29]  H. Leung,et al.  Candidate defense genes as predictors of quantitative blast resistance in rice. , 2004, Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI.

[30]  Juqiang Yan,et al.  An ankyrin repeat-containing protein plays a role in both disease resistance and antioxidation metabolism. , 2002, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[31]  Julio Salinas,et al.  Two related low-temperature-inducible genes of Arabidopsis encode proteins showing high homology to 14-3-3 proteins, a family of putative kinase regulators , 1994, Plant Molecular Biology.

[32]  J. Glazebrook,et al.  Genes controlling expression of defense responses in Arabidopsis--2001 status. , 2001, Current opinion in plant biology.

[33]  C. Lamb,et al.  Perception of brassinosteroids by the extracellular domain of the receptor kinase BRI1. , 2000, Science.

[34]  P. Ronald,et al.  The rice Rim2 transcript accumulates in response to Magnaporthe grisea and its predicted protein product shares similarity with TNP2-like proteins encoded by CACTA transposons , 2000, Molecular and General Genetics MGG.

[35]  S. Ishida,et al.  14-3-3 Proteins Regulate Intracellular Localization of the bZIP Transcriptional Activator RSG Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.aspb.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.010188. , 2001, The Plant Cell Online.

[36]  V. Fogliano,et al.  Fusicoccin Effect on the in Vitro Interaction between Plant 14-3-3 Proteins and Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[37]  T. Heinekamp,et al.  The α-Helical D1 Domain of the Tobacco bZIP Transcription Factor BZI-1 Interacts with the Ankyrin-repeat Protein ANK1 and Is Important for BZI-1 Function, Both in Auxin Signaling and Pathogen Response* , 2003, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[38]  李佩芳.  International Rice Genome Sequencing Project. 2005. The map-based sequence of the rice genome. , 2005 .

[39]  C. Lamb,et al.  Induction of H2O2 in Transgenic Rice Leads to Cell Death and Enhanced Resistance to Both Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens , 2003, Transgenic Research.

[40]  J. Rink,et al.  Plant Nuclei Can Contain Extensive Grooves and Invaginations , 2000, Plant Cell.

[41]  H. Thordal-Christensen,et al.  A pathogen-induced gene of barley encodes a protein showing high similarity to a protein kinase regulator. , 1992, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[42]  Robert J. Ferl,et al.  Evolution and isoform specificity of plant 14-3-3 proteins , 2002, Plant Molecular Biology.

[43]  R. Dixon,et al.  Reactive Oxygen Intermediates Mediate a Systemic Signal Network in the Establishment of Plant Immunity , 1998, Cell.

[44]  Honggang Zheng,et al.  Locating genomic regions associated with components of drought resistance in rice: comparative mapping within and across species , 2001, Theoretical and Applied Genetics.

[45]  Hrvoje Fulgosi,et al.  14-3-3 proteins and plant development , 2004, Plant Molecular Biology.