Multiwavelength Astronomy and CTA: X-rays

Abstract We discuss how future X-ray instruments which are under development can contribute to our understanding of the non-thermal Universe. Much progress has been made in the field of X-ray Astronomy recently, thanks to the operation of modern X-ray telescopes such as Chandra , XMM- Newton , Suzaku , and SWIFT , but more in-depth investigation awaits future missions. These future missions include ASTROSAT , NuSTAR , e-ROSITA , ASTRO-H and GEMS , which will be realized in the next decade, and also much larger projects such as Athena and LOFT , which have been proposed for the 2020’s. All of those are expected to bring a variety of novel observational results regarding astrophysical sources of high-energy particles and radiation, i.e. supernova remnants, neutron stars, stellar-mass black holes, active galaxies, and clusters of galaxies among others. The operation of the future X-ray instruments will proceed in parallel with the operation of Fermi -LAT and the Cherenkov Telescope Array. We emphasize that the synergy between the X-ray and γ -ray observations is particularly important, and that the planned X-ray missions, when in conjunction with the modern γ -ray observatories, will indeed provide a qualitatively better insight into the high-energy Universe.

[1]  S. Digel,et al.  BROAD-LINE RADIO GALAXIES OBSERVED WITH FERMI-LAT: THE ORIGIN OF THE GeV γ-RAY EMISSION , 2011 .

[2]  S. Colafrancesco,et al.  On the DM interpretation of the origin of non-thermal phenomena in galaxy clusters , 2010, 1004.1286.

[3]  D. L. Bertsch,et al.  The Third EGRET Catalog of High-Energy Gamma-Ray Sources , 1998 .

[4]  Martin J. Rees,et al.  Implications of very rapid TeV variability in blazars , 2007, 0709.0540.

[5]  G. Ghisellini,et al.  The power of blazar jets , 2007, 0711.4112.

[6]  D. Ellison,et al.  Magnetic Fields in Cosmic Particle Acceleration Sources , 2011, 1105.0130.

[7]  P. Blasi,et al.  Gamma rays from clusters of galaxies , 2007 .

[8]  H. Krawczynski,et al.  Complex Spectral Variability from Intensive Multiwavelength Monitoring of Markarian 421 in 1998 , 2000, astro-ph/0008505.

[9]  M. Kino,et al.  Nonthermal Emission Associated with Strong AGN Outbursts at the Centers of Galaxy Clusters , 2007, 0705.4284.

[10]  Jamie Holder,et al.  TeV Gamma-ray Astronomy: A Summary , 2012, 1204.1267.

[11]  J. Martin Laming,et al.  On the Magnetic Fields and Particle Acceleration in Cassiopeia A , 2002, astro-ph/0210669.

[12]  Felix A. Aharonian,et al.  Extremely fast acceleration of cosmic rays in a supernova remnant , 2007, Nature.

[13]  Lars Bergstrom,et al.  Prospects of detecting gamma-ray emission from galaxy clusters : Cosmic rays and dark matter annihilations , 2011, 1105.3240.

[14]  Michael G. Hauser,et al.  THE COSMIC INFRARED BACKGROUND: Measurements and Implications ⁄ , 2001 .

[15]  Robert P. Johnson,et al.  THE FIRST CATALOG OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI DETECTED BY THE FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE , 2010, 1002.0150.

[16]  Y. Rephaeli.  Relativistic electrons in the intracluster space of clusters of galaxies - The hard X-ray spectra and heating of the gas , 1979 .

[17]  Noriko Y. Yamasaki,et al.  ASCA Observation of an X-Ray/TeV Flare from the BL Lacertae Object Markarian 421 , 1996 .

[18]  Heidelberg,et al.  On the non-thermal high energy radiation of galaxy clusters , 2003, astro-ph/0305149.

[19]  Marek Sikora,et al.  On Pair Content and Variability of Subparsec Jets in Quasars , 1999, astro-ph/9912335.

[20]  J. Chiang,et al.  DISCOVERY OF HIGH-ENERGY GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM THE BINARY SYSTEM PSR B1259−63/LS 2883 AROUND PERIASTRON WITH FERMI , 2011, 1103.4108.

[21]  S. Vercellone,et al.  LOFT: the Large Observatory For X-ray Timing , 2012, Other Conferences.

[22]  Peter Mao,et al.  The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) , 2010, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[23]  A. Lazarian,et al.  Acceleration of primary and secondary particles in galaxy clusters by compressible MHD turbulence: from radio haloes to gamma-rays , 2010, 1008.0184.

[24]  A. Bykov,et al.  Nonthermal emission from clusters of galaxies , 2000 .

[25]  Paul P. Plucinsky,et al.  EVIDENCE FOR PARTICLE ACCELERATION TO THE KNEE OF THE COSMIC RAY SPECTRUM IN TYCHO’S SUPERNOVA REMNANT , 2011, 1101.1454.

[26]  M. Sikora,et al.  CONSTRAINING EMISSION MODELS OF LUMINOUS BLAZAR SOURCES , 2009, 0904.1414.

[27]  M. Trifoglio,et al.  Extreme particle acceleration in the microquasar Cygnus X-3 , 2009, Nature.

[28]  Martin J. Rees,et al.  Theory of extragalactic radio sources , 1984 .

[29]  T. Ohashi,et al.  Nonthermal Phenomena in Clusters of Galaxies , 2001, astro-ph/0105265.

[30]  A. Hillas,et al.  Can diffusive shock acceleration in supernova remnants account for high-energy galactic cosmic rays? , 2005 .

[31]  P. C. Agrawal.  A broad spectral band Indian Astronomy satellite ‘Astrosat’ , 2006 .

[32]  C. Ploetz,et al.  FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE VIEW OF THE CORE OF THE RADIO GALAXY CENTAURUS A , 2010, 1006.5463.

[33]  C. Ferrari,et al.  Observations of Extended Radio Emission in Clusters , 2008, 0801.0985.

[34]  M. Pohl,et al.  Egret upper limits on the high-energy gamma-ray emission of galaxy clusters , 2003, astro-ph/0301362.

[35]  F. Aharonian,et al.  X-ray observations of PSR B1259−63 near the 2007 periastron passage , 2009 .

[36]  T. E. al.,et al.  Insights Into the High-Energy Gamma-ray Emission of Markarian 501 from Extensive Multifrequency Observations in the Fermi Era , 2010, 1011.5260.

[37]  Paolo Giommi,et al.  BeppoSAX Observations of Unprecedented Synchrotron Activity in the BL Lacertae Object Markarian 501 , 1997, astro-ph/9710331.

[38]  C. Sarazin.  X-Ray Emission from Clusters of Galaxies , 1988 .

[39]  D. Ryu,et al.  Cosmic-Ray Protons Accelerated at Cosmological Shocks and Their Impact on Groups and Clusters of Galaxies , 2001, astro-ph/0105465.

[40]  Martin J. Rees,et al.  Comptonization of Diffuse Ambient Radiation by a Relativistic Jet: The Source of Gamma Rays from Blazars? , 1994 .

[41]  A. Noutsos,et al.  A low level of extragalactic background light as revealed by γ-rays from blazars , 2006, Nature.

[42]  Jean-Luc Starck,et al.  THE FERMI-LAT HIGH-LATITUDE SURVEY: SOURCE COUNT DISTRIBUTIONS AND THE ORIGIN OF THE EXTRAGALACTIC DIFFUSE BACKGROUND , 2010, 1003.0895.

[43]  B. Dennison,et al.  Formation of radio halos in clusters of galaxies from cosmic-ray protons , 1980 .

[44]  J. Chiang,et al.  FERMI LAT OBSERVATIONS OF LS I +61°303: FIRST DETECTION OF AN ORBITAL MODULATION IN GeV GAMMA RAYS , 2009, 0907.4307.

[45]  F. A. Aharonian.  TeV gamma rays from BL Lac Objects due to synchrotron radiation of extremely high energy protons , 2000 .

[46]  A. Bell.  Turbulent amplification of magnetic field and diffusive shock acceleration of cosmic rays , 2004 .

[47]  C. Pfrommer.  Simulating cosmic rays in clusters of galaxies – III. Non-thermal scaling relations and comparison to observations , 2007, 0707.1693.

[48]  Ryuichi Fujimoto,et al.  The high-resolution x-ray microcalorimeter spectrometer system for the SXS on ASTRO-H , 2010, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[49]  C. Pfrommer,et al.  Simulating the γ-ray emission from galaxy clusters: a universal cosmic ray spectrum and spatial distribution , 2010, 1001.5023.

[50]  M. Volonteri,et al.  Blazars in the early Universe , 2011, 1103.5565.

[51]  Yoshiharu Namba,et al.  The ASTRO-H Mission , 2009, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[52]  F. Aharonian,et al.  POST-PERIASTRON GAMMA-RAY FLARE FROM PSR B1259−63/LS 2883 AS A RESULT OF COMPTONIZATION OF THE COLD PULSAR WIND , 2011, 1107.4833.

[53]  A. Stamerra,et al.  On the origin of the γ-ray emission from the flaring blazar PKS 1222+216 , 2011, 1104.0048.

[54]  D. Thompson,et al.  FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF MISALIGNED ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI , 2010 .

[55]  F. Aharonian,et al.  TeV light curve of PSR B1259–63/SS2883 , 2007 .

[56]  G. Ghisellini,et al.  A jet model for the gamma-ray emitting blazar 3C 279 , 1992 .

[57]  L. A. Antonelli,et al.  Very-High-Energy Gamma Rays from a Distant Quasar: How Transparent Is the Universe? , 2008, Science.

[58]  Felix Aharonian,et al.  Production of TeV Gamma Radiation in the Vicinity of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Giant Radio Galaxy M87 , 2007, 0704.3282.

[59]  R. Petre,et al.  Evidence for shock acceleration of high-energy electrons in the supernova remnant SN1006 , 1995, Nature.

[60]  J. Chiang,et al.  EARLY FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF THE QUASAR 3C 454.3 , 2009, 0904.4280.

[61]  HESS Collaboration F. Aharonian,et al.  DISCOVERY OF VERY HIGH ENERGY γ-RAY EMISSION FROM CENTAURUS A WITH H.E.S.S. , 2009, 0903.1582.

[62]  T. Takahashi,et al.  SUZAKU X-RAY IMAGING OF THE EXTENDED LOBE IN THE GIANT RADIO GALAXY NGC 6251 ASSOCIATED WITH THE FERMI-LAT SOURCE 2FGL J1629.4+8236 , 2012, 1202.0868.

[63]  U. Schwanke,et al.  A detailed spectral and morphological study of the gamma-ray supernova remnant RX J1713.7-3946 with HESS , 2005 .

[64]  A. Lazarian,et al.  Magnetically Limited X-Ray Filaments in Young Supernova Remnants , 2005 .

[65]  F. Aharonian.  Gamma Ray Visibility of Supernova Remnants , 2004 .

[66]  Tadayuki Takahashi,et al.  LONG-TERM STABILITY OF NONTHERMAL X-RAY MODULATION IN THE GAMMA-RAY BINARY LS 5039 , 2009, 0904.1064.

[67]  Keith Jahoda,et al.  The Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer , 2010, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[68]  L. A. Antonelli,et al.  Fermi-LAT Observations of Markarian 421: the Missing Piece of its Spectral Energy Distribution , 2011, 1106.1348.

[69]  V. Petrosian.  On the Nonthermal Emission and Acceleration of Electrons in Coma and Other Clusters of Galaxies , 2001, astro-ph/0101145.

[70]  Y. Inoue.  CONTRIBUTION OF GAMMA-RAY-LOUD RADIO GALAXIES’ CORE EMISSIONS TO THE COSMIC MeV AND GeV GAMMA-RAY BACKGROUND RADIATION , 2011, 1103.3946.

[71]  R. Yamazaki,et al.  A Spatial and Spectral Study of Nonthermal Filaments in Historical Supernova Remnants: Observational Results with Chandra , 2004, astro-ph/0411326.

[72]  G. Ghisellini,et al.  The γ-ray brightest days of the blazar 3C 454.3 , 2010, 1003.3476.

[73]  M. Moles,et al.  MAGIC GAMMA-RAY TELESCOPE OBSERVATION OF THE PERSEUS CLUSTER OF GALAXIES: IMPLICATIONS FOR COSMIC RAYS, DARK MATTER, AND NGC 1275 , 2009, 0909.3267.

[74]  L. A. Antonelli,et al.  Mrk 421 active state in 2008: the MAGIC view, simultaneous multi-wavelength observations and SSC model constrained , 2011, 1106.1589.

[75]  Seunghee Son,et al.  Development of the Advance Energetic Pair Telescope (AdEPT) for medium-energy gamma-ray astronomy , 2010, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[76]  J. A. Hinton,et al.  STUDY OF THE SPECTRAL AND TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF X-RAY EMISSION OF THE GAMMA-RAY BINARY LS 5039 WITH SUZAKU , 2008, ECSA 2010.

[77]  E. al.,et al.  Constraints on the multi-TeV particle population in the Coma galaxy cluster with HESS observations , 2009, 0907.0727.

[78]  D. Torres,et al.  Pulsar wind zone processes in LS 5039 , 2008, 0801.3427.

[79]  W. P. Chen,et al.  INSIGHTS INTO THE HIGH-ENERGY γ-RAY EMISSION OF MARKARIAN 501 FROM EXTENSIVE MULTIFREQUENCY OBSERVATIONS IN THE FERMI ERA , 2011 .

[80]  H. J. Voelk,et al.  Magnetic field amplification in Tycho and other shell-type supernova remnants , 2005 .

[81]  Elmar Pfeffermann,et al.  eROSITA on SRG , 2010, Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation.

[82]  R. Antonucci.  Thermal and Nonthermal Radio Galaxies , 2010, 1101.0837.

[83]  Hideyo Kunieda,et al.  EXPANSION VELOCITY OF EJECTA IN TYCHO's SUPERNOVA REMNANT MEASURED BY DOPPLER BROADENED X-RAY LINE EMISSION , 2010, 1009.6031.

[84]  K. Nakazawa,et al.  SUZAKU OBSERVATIONS OF PSR B1259−63: A NEW MANIFESTATION OF RELATIVISTIC PULSAR WIND , 2009, 0904.1238.

[85]  T Glanzman,et al.  Fermi gamma-ray imaging of a radio galaxy. , 2010, Science.

[86]  University College Dublin,et al.  Multiwavelength Observations of Markarian 421 in 2001 March: An Unprecedented View on the X-Ray/TeV Correlated Variability , 2007, 0710.4138.

[87]  P. Padovani,et al.  UNIFIED SCHEMES FOR RADIO-LOUD ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI , 1995, astro-ph/9506063.

[88]  F. T. Collaboration,et al.  Performance of the MAGIC Stereo System , 2011, 1110.0947.

[89]  L. Stawarz,et al.  High-energy Particle Acceleration and Production of Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays in the Giant Lobes of Centaurus A , 2008, 0808.1593.

[90]  M. al.  GeV Gamma-ray Flux Upper Limits from Clusters of Galaxies , 2010, 1006.0748.

[91]  Nrl,et al.  THE LACK OF DIFFUSE, NON-THERMAL HARD X-RAY EMISSION IN THE COMA CLUSTER: THE SWIFT BURST ALERT TELESCOPE'S EYE VIEW , 2010, 1012.0003.

[92]  F. Aharonian,et al.  ASTROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF LS 2883 AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PSR B1259–63 GAMMA-RAY BINARY , 2011, 1103.4636.

[93]  et al,et al.  Discovery of the Binary Pulsar PSR B1259-63 in Very-High-Energy Gamma Rays around Periastron with H.E.S.S , 2005 .

[94]  N. Gehrels,et al.  GALAXY CLUSTERS IN THE SWIFT/BURST ALERT TELESCOPE ERA: HARD X-RAYS IN THE INTRACLUSTER MEDIUM , 2008 .

[95]  V. Golev,et al.  Design concepts for the Cherenkov Telescope Array CTA: an advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma-ray astronomy , 2011 .

[96]  R. Gould,et al.  Opacity of the Universe to High-Energy Photons , 1966 .

[97]  M. Sikora,et al.  High-Energy Gamma Rays from FR I Jets , 2003, astro-ph/0306251.

[98]  J. W. den Herder,et al.  A model of polarized X-ray emission from twinkling synchrotron supernova shells , 2009, 0907.2521.

[99]  R. Petre,et al.  Study of Nonthermal Emission from SNR RX J1713.7–3946 with Suzaku , 2008, 0806.1490.

[100]  K. Mannheim.  The Proton Blazar , 1993, astro-ph/9302006.

[101]  T. Jeltema,et al.  Gamma rays from clusters and groups of galaxies: Cosmic rays versus dark matter , 2008, 0812.0597.

[102]  L. Drury,et al.  Nonlinear theory of diffusive acceleration of particles by shock waves , 2001 .

[103]  W. Bednarek.  A model for the two component gamma-ray spectra observed from the gamma-ray binaries , 2011, 1108.4301.

[104]  F. Zwicky,et al.  Cosmic Rays from Super-Novae , 1934, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[105]  W. Hofmann,et al.  Teraelectronvolt Astronomy , 2010, 1006.5210.

[106]  J. Miranda,et al.  MAGIC DISCOVERY OF VERY HIGH ENERGY EMISSION FROM THE FSRQ PKS 1222+21 , 2011, 1101.4645.

[107]  Theory of high-energy emission from the pulsar/Be star system PSR 1259-63. I. Radiation mechanisms and interaction geometry , 1996, astro-ph/9609086.

[108]  A. R. Bazer-Bachi,et al.  An Exceptional Very High Energy Gamma-Ray Flare of PKS 2155–304 , 2007, 0706.0797.

[109]  et al,et al.  Is the Giant Radio Galaxy M 87 a TeV Gamma-Ray Emitter? , 2003 .

[110]  et al,et al.  3.9 day orbital modulation in the TeV gamma-ray flux and spectrum from the X-ray binary LS 5039 , 2006 .

[111]  D. Thompson,et al.  Modulated High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the Microquasar Cygnus X-3 , 2009, Science.

[112]  J. Chiang,et al.  THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION , 2009, 0902.1089.

[113]  A. Noutsos,et al.  High-energy particle acceleration in the shell of a supernova remnant , 2004, Nature.

[114]  A. Markowitz,et al.  Probing the disk-jet connection of the radio galaxy 3C 120 observed with Suzaku , 2006, astro-ph/0612754.

[115]  M. Lister,et al.  Observational evidence for the accretion-disk origin for a radio jet in an active galaxy , 2002, Nature.

[116]  M. Punch,et al.  Detection of TeV photons from the active galaxy Markarian 421 , 1992, Nature.

[117]  Milano,et al.  Constraints on the Physical Parameters of TeV Blazars , 1998, astro-ph/9809051.

[118]  O. Williams,et al.  COMPTEL OBSERVATIONS OF CENTAURUS A AT MEV ENERGIES IN THE YEARS 1991 TO 1995 , 1998 .

[119]  G. G. Stokes.  "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[120]  Guenther Hasinger,et al.  The synthesis of the cosmic X-ray background in the Chandra and XMM-Newton era , 2007 .

[121]  G. Ghisellini,et al.  Canonical high power blazars , 2009, 0902.0793.

[122]  J. M. Paredes,et al.  DETECTION OF VERY HIGH ENERGY γ-RAY EMISSION FROM THE PERSEUS CLUSTER HEAD–TAIL GALAXY IC 310 BY THE MAGIC TELESCOPES , 2010 .

[123]  N. Gehrels,et al.  Submitted to Astrophysical Journal , 1987 .

[124]  Daisuke Yonetoku,et al.  DISCOVERY OF STRONG RADIATIVE RECOMBINATION CONTINUA FROM THE SUPERNOVA REMNANT IC 443 WITH SUZAKU , 2009, 0909.3848.

[125]  et al,et al.  Multiwavelength (Radio, X-Ray, and γ-Ray) Observations of the γ-Ray Binary LS I +61 303 , 2008, 0801.3150.

[126]  S. M. Osipov,et al.  X-RAY STRIPES IN TYCHO'S SUPERNOVA REMNANT: SYNCHROTRON FOOTPRINTS OF A NONLINEAR COSMIC-RAY-DRIVEN INSTABILITY , 2011, 1106.3441.

[127]  R. Petre,et al.  ASCA Observations of the Supernova Remnant IC 443: Thermal Structure and Detection of Overionized Plasma , 2002, astro-ph/0202484.

[128]  O. B. T. T. collaboration,et al.  GeV Gamma Rays from Supernova Remnants Interacting with Molecular Clouds , 2011, 1104.1197.

[129]  G. Skinner,et al.  A Persistent High-Energy Flux from the Heart of the Milky Way: INTEGRAL’s View of the Galactic Center , 2005, astro-ph/0508128.

[130]  Maximilien Collon,et al.  ESA-led ATHENA/IXO optics development status , 2011, Optical Engineering + Applications.