Familiarity in source memory

Familiarity and recollection are thought to be separate processes underlying recognition memory. Event-related potentials (ERPs) dissociate these processes, with an early (approximately 300-500ms) frontal effect relating to familiarity (the FN400) and a later (500-800ms) parietal old/new effect relating to recollection. It has been debated whether source information for a studied item (i.e., contextual associations from when the item was previously encountered) is only accessible through recollection, or whether familiarity can contribute to successful source recognition. It has been shown that familiarity can assist in perceptual source monitoring when the source attribute is an intrinsic property of the item (e.g., an object's surface color), but few studies have examined its contribution to recognizing extrinsic source associations. Extrinsic source associations were examined in three experiments involving memory judgments for pictures of common objects. In Experiment 1, source information was spatial and results suggested that familiarity contributed to accurate source recognition: the FN400 ERP component showed a source accuracy effect, and source accuracy was above chance for items judged to only feel familiar. Source information in Experiment 2 was an extrinsic color association; source accuracy was at chance for familiar items and the FN400 did not differ between correct and incorrect source judgments. Experiment 3 replicated the results using a within-subjects manipulation of spatial vs. color source. Overall, the results suggest that familiarity's contribution to extrinsic source monitoring depends on the type of source information being remembered.

[1]  E L Wilding,et al.  Electrophysiological evidence for dissociable processes contributing to recollection. , 1998, Acta psychologica.

[2]  Tim Curran,et al.  Event-related potential explorations of dual processes in recognition memory , 2006 .

[3]  Matthias M. Müller,et al.  Induced Electroencephalogram Oscillations during Source Memory: Familiarity is Reflected in the Gamma Band, Recollection in the Theta Band , 2008, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[4]  E. Tulving.  Memory and consciousness. , 1985 .

[5]  E. Wilding.  In what way does the parietal ERP old/new effect index recollection? , 2000, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[6]  Robert Oostenveld,et al.  FieldTrip: Open Source Software for Advanced Analysis of MEG, EEG, and Invasive Electrophysiological Data , 2010, Comput. Intell. Neurosci..

[7]  D. Tucker.  Spatial sampling of head electrical fields: the geodesic sensor net. , 1993, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[8]  Yonelinas,et al.  Noncriterial Recollection: Familiarity as Automatic, Irrelevant Recollection , 1996, Consciousness and cognition.

[9]  Michael D. Rugg,et al.  Dissociation of the electrophysiological correlates of familiarity strength and item repetition , 2010, Brain Research.

[10]  Ken A. Paller,et al.  Familiarity or Conceptual Priming? Good Question! Comment on Stenberg, Hellman, Johansson, and Rosén (2009) , 2010, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[11]  Joseph Dien,et al.  Issues in the application of the average reference: Review, critiques, and recommendations , 1998 .

[12]  Ullrich K. H. Ecker,et al.  Color and context: An ERP study on intrinsic and extrinsic feature binding in episodic memory , 2007, Memory & cognition.

[13]  T. Curran,et al.  Behavioral/systems/cognitive Dissociation of Familiarity and Recollection , 2022 .

[14]  Ellen M. Migo,et al.  Associative memory and the medial temporal lobes , 2007, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[15]  M. Rugg,et al.  Context Effects on the Neural Correlates of Recognition Memory An Electrophysiological Study , 2001, Neuron.

[16]  Pierre Maquet,et al.  Brain activity underlying encoding and retrieval of source memory. , 2002, Cerebral cortex.

[17]  T. Curran,et al.  Semantic and perceptual effects on recognition memory: Evidence from ERP , 2009, Brain Research.

[18]  David I. Donaldson,et al.  Electrophysiological evidence for the influence of unitization on the processes engaged during episodic retrieval: Enhancing familiarity based remembering , 2007, Neuropsychologia.

[19]  Marcia K. Johnson,et al.  Source monitoring. , 1993, Psychological bulletin.

[20]  Marcia K. Johnson,et al.  Source monitoring 15 years later: what have we learned from fMRI about the neural mechanisms of source memory? , 2009, Psychological bulletin.

[21]  Hiroki R. Hayama,et al.  Electrophysiological dissociation of the neural correlates of recollection and familiarity , 2006, Brain Research.

[22]  A. Yonelinas.  The Nature of Recollection and Familiarity: A Review of 30 Years of Research , 2002 .

[23]  Michael D. Rugg,et al.  An electrophysiological comparison of two indices of recollection , 1998 .

[24]  Myra A. Fernandes,et al.  Neural correlates of recollection and familiarity: A review of neuroimaging and patient data , 2007, Neuropsychologia.

[25]  Daniela Montaldi,et al.  The role of recollection and familiarity in the functional differentiation of the medial temporal lobes , 2010, Hippocampus.

[26]  Robert T. Knight,et al.  Intact Recollection Memory in High-performing Older Adults: ERP and Behavioral Evidence , 2006, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[27]  M. Rugg,et al.  An event-related potential study of recognition memory with and without retrieval of source. , 1996, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[28]  W. Klimesch,et al.  Theta synchronization during episodic retrieval: neural correlates of conscious awareness. , 2001, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[29]  D Tsivilis,et al.  Associative recognition in a patient with selective hippocampal lesions and relatively normal item recognition , 2004, Hippocampus.

[30]  John T. Wixted,et al.  Remember/Know Judgments Probe Degrees of Recollection , 2008, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[31]  A P Yonelinas,et al.  Recognition memory for faces: When familiarity supports associative recognition judgments , 1999, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[32]  Daniel L. Schacter,et al.  ERP correlates of recognition memory: Effects of retention interval and false alarms , 2006, Brain Research.

[33]  Andrew P. Yonelinas,et al.  Medial Temporal Lobe Activity during Source Retrieval Reflects Information Type, not Memory Strength , 2010, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[34]  Rachel A Diana,et al.  The effects of unitization on familiarity-based source memory: testing a behavioral prediction derived from neuroimaging data. , 2008, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[35]  Tim Curran,et al.  ERP correlates of familiarity and recollection processes in visual associative recognition , 2007, Brain Research.

[36]  Michael E. Smith.  Neurophysiological Manifestations of Recollective Experience during Recognition Memory Judgments , 1993, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[37]  Rachel A. Diana,et al.  Imaging recollection and familiarity in the medial temporal lobe: a three-component model , 2007, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[38]  Kaia L. Vilberg,et al.  Memory retrieval and the parietal cortex: A review of evidence from a dual-process perspective , 2008, Neuropsychologia.

[39]  Barbara J Knowlton,et al.  The effect of testing procedure on remember-know judgments , 2002, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[40]  Tim Curran,et al.  The FN400 indexes familiarity-based recognition of faces , 2007, NeuroImage.

[41]  R. Knight,et al.  Faces are special but not too special: Spared face recognition in amnesia is based on familiarity , 2010, Neuropsychologia.

[42]  R. Knight,et al.  Dissociable neural correlates for familiarity and recollection during the encoding and retrieval of pictures. , 2004, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[43]  Melina R. Uncapher,et al.  Selecting for Memory? The Influence of Selective Attention on the Mnemonic Binding of Contextual Information , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[44]  R. O’Reilly,et al.  Modeling hippocampal and neocortical contributions to recognition memory: a complementary-learning-systems approach. , 2003, Psychological review.

[45]  T. Curran,et al.  Using ERPs to dissociate recollection from familiarity in picture recognition. , 2003, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[46]  Sabrina M. Tom,et al.  Dissociable correlates of recollection and familiarity within the medial temporal lobes , 2004, Neuropsychologia.

[47]  Joseph Dien,et al.  The ERP PCA Toolkit: An open source program for advanced statistical analysis of event-related potential data , 2010, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[48]  Irene Daum,et al.  Frontal but not parietal positivity during source recollection is sensitive to episodic content , 2009, Neuroscience Letters.

[49]  Hubert D. Zimmer,et al.  ERP Evidence for Flexible Adjustment of Retrieval Orientation and Its Influence on Familiarity , 2009, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[50]  Scott D. Slotnick,et al.  Does the hippocampus mediate objective binding or subjective remembering? , 2010, NeuroImage.

[51]  S. Geisser,et al.  On methods in the analysis of profile data , 1959 .

[52]  Tali Bitan,et al.  Putting Humpty together and pulling him apart: Accessing and unbinding the hippocampal item-context engram , 2012, NeuroImage.

[53]  M. Junghöfer,et al.  The polar average reference effect: a bias in estimating the head surface integral in EEG recording , 1999, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[54]  Colleen M. Parks,et al.  Testing a neurocomputational model of recollection, familiarity, and source recognition. , 2008, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[55]  Ken A Paller,et al.  The neural basis of the butcher-on-the-bus phenomenon: when a face seems familiar but is not remembered , 2004, NeuroImage.

[56]  Hubert D. Zimmer,et al.  Has the butcher on the bus dyed his hair? When color changes modulate ERP correlates of familiarity and recollection , 2006, NeuroImage.

[57]  S. Gronlund,et al.  Global matching models of recognition memory: How the models match the data , 1996, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[58]  Robert S. Ross,et al.  The Hippocampus is Preferentially Associated with Memory for Spatial Context , 2008, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[59]  L. Squire,et al.  The medial temporal lobe and the attributes of memory , 2011, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[60]  R Ratcliff,et al.  Process dissociation, single-process theories, and recognition memory. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[61]  M Mishkin,et al.  Brain activity evidence for recognition without recollection after early hippocampal damage , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[62]  T. Curran.  Effects of attention and confidence on the hypothesized ERP correlates of recollection and familiarity , 2004, Neuropsychologia.

[63]  Tim Curran,et al.  Differentiating amodal familiarity from modality-specific memory processes: an ERP study. , 2003, Psychophysiology.

[64]  Michael D. Rugg,et al.  The relationship between electrophysiological correlates of recollection and amount of information retrieved , 2006, Brain Research.

[65]  Hubert D. Zimmer,et al.  The influence of object and background color manipulations on the electrophysiological indices of recognition memory , 2007, Brain Research.

[66]  M. Rugg,et al.  Event-related potentials and recognition memory , 2007, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[67]  Dhm Leonard,et al.  Binding in human memory: A neurocognitive approach , 2002 .

[68]  M. Masson,et al.  Conscious and unconscious influences of memory for object location , 2001, Memory & cognition.

[69]  T. Curran.  Brain potentials of recollection and familiarity , 2000, Memory & cognition.

[70]  Colleen M. Parks,et al.  Moving beyond pure signal-detection models: comment on Wixted (2007). , 2007, Psychological review.

[71]  Johan Hellman,et al.  “Do You See Yonder Cloud?”—On Priming Concepts, A New Test, and a Familiar Outcome. Reply to Lucas et al.: “Familiarity or Conceptual Priming? Good Question! Comment on Stenberg, Hellman, Johansson, and Rosén (2009)” , 2010, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[72]  H. Eichenbaum,et al.  The medial temporal lobe and recognition memory. , 2007, Annual review of neuroscience.

[73]  Axel Mecklinger,et al.  Electrophysiological Measures of Familiarity Memory , 2006, Clinical EEG and neuroscience.

[74]  Ava J. Senkfor,et al.  Who said what? An event-related potential investigation of source and item memory. , 1998, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[75]  Tim Curran,et al.  Conflict and criterion setting in recognition memory. , 2007, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[76]  Tim Curran,et al.  ERP old/new effects at different retention intervals in recency discrimination tasks. , 2004, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[77]  U. Bayen,et al.  An evaluation of empirical measures of source identification , 1996, Memory & cognition.

[78]  Andrew P. Yonelinas,et al.  Examining ERP correlates of recognition memory: Evidence of accurate source recognition without recollection , 2012, NeuroImage.

[79]  Andrew P. Yonelinas,et al.  ERP correlates of source memory: Unitized source information increases familiarity-based retrieval , 2011, Brain Research.

[80]  K. Norman,et al.  Effect of unitization on associative recognition in amnesia , 2007, Hippocampus.

[81]  E. Tulving,et al.  Event-related brain potential correlates of two states of conscious awareness in memory. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[82]  Brion Woroch,et al.  Event-related potential correlates of item and source memory strength , 2010, Brain Research.

[83]  Howard Eichenbaum,et al.  Remembering: Functional Organization of the Declarative Memory System , 2006, Current Biology.

[84]  Joel L. Voss,et al.  Validating neural correlates of familiarity , 2007, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[85]  Aude Oliva,et al.  Visual long-term memory has a massive storage capacity for object details , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[86]  M. Mishkin,et al.  Differential effects of early hippocampal pathology on episodic and semantic memory. , 1997, Science.

[87]  Johan Hellman,et al.  Familiarity or Conceptual Priming: Event-related Potentials in Name Recognition , 2008, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[88]  Andrew R. Mayes,et al.  Familiarity, recollection and medial temporal lobe function: an unresolved issue , 2011, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[89]  L. Jacoby.  A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory , 1991 .

[90]  Jason L Hicks,et al.  The role of recollection and partial information in source monitoring. , 2002, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[91]  Simon Hanslmayr,et al.  Source-retrieval requirements influence late ERP and EEG memory effects , 2007, Brain Research.

[92]  D. Amaral,et al.  Functional Neuroanatomy of the Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System , 2004, Cortex.

[93]  A. Mecklinger,et al.  Intra- and Inter-Item Associations Doubly Dissociate the Electrophysiological Correlates of Familiarity and Recollection , 2006, Neuron.

[94]  Nash Unsworth,et al.  Examining the relationships among item recognition, source recognition, and recall from an individual differences perspective. , 2009, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[95]  D Friedman,et al.  Event‐related potential (ERP) studies of memory encoding and retrieval: A selective review , 2000, Microscopy research and technique.

[96]  Tim Curran,et al.  Midazolam-induced Amnesia Reduces Memory for Details and Affects the ERP Correlates of Recollection and Familiarity , 2012, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[97]  Lila Davachi,et al.  Behavioral / Systems / Cognitive Differential Encoding Mechanisms for Subsequent Associative Recognition and Free Recall , 2012 .

[98]  Ullrich K. H. Ecker,et al.  Remembering perceptual features unequally bound in object and episodic tokens: Neural mechanisms and their electrophysiological correlates , 2010, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[99]  Ava J. Senkfor,et al.  Memory for drawings in locations: spatial source memory and event-related potentials. , 2000, Psychophysiology.