The morphogenesis of bone in replicas of porous hydroxyapatite obtained from conversion of calcium carbonate exoskeletons of coral.

The morphogenesis of bone in a porous hydroxyapatite substratum was studied after intramuscular implantation in adult primates. Replicas of porous hydroxyapatite that had been obtained after hydrothermal conversion of the calcium carbonate exoskeleton of coral (genus Goniopora) were implanted intramuscularly in twenty-four adult male baboons (Papio ursinus). Serial sections from specimens that had been harvested at three, six, and nine months showed that initially the formation of fibrous connective tissue was characterized by a prominent vascular component and by condensations of collagen fibers assembled at the interface of the hydroxyapatite. The morphogenesis of bone was intimately associated with the differentiation of the connective-tissue condensations. Bone formed without an intervening endochondral phase. Although the amount of bone varied considerably, in several specimens extensive bone developed, filling large portions of the porous spaces and culminating in total penetration by bone within the implants. The mean volume fraction composition of the specimens was 20.8 +/- 1.0 per cent (mean and standard error) for bone, 17.3 +/- 1.7 per cent for connective-tissue condensation, 31.9 +/- 1.0 per cent for fibrovascular tissue, 6.4 +/- 0.6 per cent for bone marrow, and 34.6 +/- 0.5 per cent for the hydroxyapatite framework. The amount of bone and marrow increased at each time-period, and the hydroxyapatite framework was significantly reduced between six and nine months. This indicated a moderate biodegradation over time, which was possibly a result of incomplete conversion of carbonate to hydroxyapatite. Linear regression analysis showed a negative correlation between the hydroxyapatite framework and the magnitude of bone formation within the porosities of the hydroxyapatite (p = 0.0001). Biochemical coating of the hydroxyapatite substratum with an allogeneic fibrin-fibronectin protein concentrate prepared from baboon plasma did not significantly increase the amount of bone formation within the porous spaces. The hydroxyapatite substratum may have functioned as a solid-phase domain for anchorage of bone morphogenetic proteins.

[1]  R. Holmes,et al.  Porous hydroxyapatite as a bone graft substitute in diaphyseal defects: A histometric study , 1987, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[2]  J. Dreyer,et al.  Composition of a food mixture developed at the NNRI for supplementation of predominantly cereal diets. , 1968, South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde.

[3]  A. Reddi.  Regulation of local differentiation of cartilage and bone by extracellular matrix: a cascade type mechanism. , 1982, Progress in clinical and biological research.

[4]  R. Holmes,et al.  Bone Regeneration Within a Coralline Hydroxyapatite Implant , 1979, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[5]  A. Reddi,et al.  Chondrogenic potential of mesenchymal cells elicited by bone matrix in vitro. , 1986, Differentiation; research in biological diversity.

[6]  E. White,et al.  Tissue ingrowth of Replamineform implants. , 1975, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[7]  A. Reddi,et al.  Influence of Geometry of Transplanted Tooth and Bone on Transformation of Fibroblasts 1 , 1973, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.

[8]  H. Mayer,et al.  Purification and characterisation of a growth factor from porcine bone. , 1989, European journal of biochemistry.

[9]  R. Holmes,et al.  Porous hydroxyapatite as a bone graft substitute in maxillary augmentation. An histometric study. , 1989, Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery.

[10]  N Muthukumaran,et al.  Isolation of osteogenin, an extracellular matrix-associated, bone-inductive protein, by heparin affinity chromatography. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  J. Petit,et al.  Patterns of healing on replanted baboon incisors coated with an allogeneic fibrin-fibronectin protein concentrate. , 1989, Journal of periodontal research.

[12]  R. Holmes,et al.  Porous hydroxyapatite as a bone graft substitute in maxillary augmentation. An histometric study. , 1988, Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery.

[13]  R. Holmes,et al.  Porous hydroxyapatite as a bone-graft substitute in metaphyseal defects. A histometric study. , 1986, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[14]  A. Reddi,et al.  Distribution of bone inductive proteins in mineralized and demineralized extracellular matrix. , 1984, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[15]  A. Reddi,et al.  Importance of geometry of the extracellular matrix in endochondral bone differentiation , 1984, The Journal of cell biology.

[16]  R. Topazian,et al.  Experimental Ridge Augmentation With Porous Hydroxyapatite Implants , 1983, Journal of dental research.

[17]  M. Hunkapiller,et al.  Purification of bovine bone morphogenetic protein by hydroxyapatite chromatography. , 1984, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[18]  P. Lacroix.  Recent Investigations on the Growth of Bone , 1945, Nature.

[19]  A. Reddi,et al.  Role of fibronectin in collagenous matrix-induced mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation in vivo. , 1981, Experimental cell research.

[20]  D. Melton,et al.  Blood parameters of the wild chacma baboon, Papio ursinus , 1982 .

[21]  V. Rosen,et al.  Novel regulators of bone formation: molecular clones and activities. , 1988, Science.

[22]  E. White,et al.  Replamineform: A New Process for Preparing Porous Ceramic, Metal, and Polymer Prosthetic Materials , 1972, Science.

[23]  R. Holmes,et al.  Porous Hydroxyapatite as a Bone Graft Substitute in Cranial Reconstruction: A Histometric Study , 1988, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[24]  D. Roy,et al.  Hydroxyapatite formed from Coral Skeletal Carbonate by Hydrothermal Exchange , 1974, Nature.

[25]  J. Piecuch.  Extraskeletal implantation of a porous hydroxyapatite ceramic. , 1982, Journal of dental research.

[26]  R. Holmes,et al.  Porous hydroxylapatite as a bone graft substitute in mandibular contour augmentation: a histometric study. , 1987, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[27]  F. Luyten,et al.  Purification and partial amino acid sequence of osteogenin, a protein initiating bone differentiation. , 1989, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[28]  A. Reddi,et al.  Dissociative extraction and reconstitution of extracellular matrix components involved in local bone differentiation. , 1981, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[29]  J. Petit,et al.  Regeneration of the connective tissue attachment on surgically exposed roots using a fibrin-fibronectin adhesive system. An experimental on the baboon (Papio ursinus). , 1987, Journal of periodontal research.

[30]  E. White,et al.  Replamineform porous biomaterials for hard tissue implant applications. , 1975, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[31]  A. Reddi,et al.  In vitro transformation of mesenchymal cells derived from embryonic muscle into cartilage in response to extracellular matrix components of bone. , 1984, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[32]  F. Luyten,et al.  Stimulation of the expression of osteogenic and chondrogenic phenotypes in vitro by osteogenin. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.