Environmental influences on eating and physical activity.

Obesity has increased dramatically over the past two decades and currently about 50% of US adults and 25% of US children are overweight. The current epidemic of obesity is caused largely by an environment that promotes excessive food intake and discourages physical activity. This chapter reviews what is known about environmental influences on physical activity and eating behaviors. Recent trends in food supply, eating out, physical activity, and inactivity are reviewed, as are the effects of advertising, promotion, and pricing on eating and physical activity. Public health interventions, opportunities, and potential strategies to combat the obesity epidemic by promoting an environment that supports healthy eating and physical activity are discussed.

[1]  T. Wadden,et al.  Prevention of obesity. , 2002 .

[2]  Judith S. Baxter,et al.  Pricing and promotion effects on low-fat vending snack purchases: the CHIPS Study. , 2001, American journal of public health.

[3]  A. Astrup,et al.  Obesity : Preventing and managing the global epidemic , 2000 .

[4]  M. Carroll,et al.  Energy and fat intakes of children and adolescents in the united states: data from the national health and nutrition examination surveys. , 2000, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[5]  R. Jeffery,et al.  Temporal trends in energy intake in the United States: an ecologic perspective. , 2000, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[6]  D. Bowers.  Cooking Trends Echo Changing Roles of Women , 2000 .

[7]  J. Binkley,et al.  Food Spending Varies Across the United States , 2000 .

[8]  Lowell Dyson.  American Cuisine in the 20th Century , 2000 .

[9]  J. F. Morton,et al.  Food sources of added sweeteners in the diets of Americans. , 2000, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[10]  M Nestle,et al.  Halting the obesity epidemic: a public health policy approach. , 2000, Public health reports.

[11]  A. Greenberg,et al.  Overeating in America: association between restaurant food consumption and body fatness in healthy adult men and women ages 19 to 80. , 1999, Obesity research.

[12]  T N Robinson,et al.  Reducing children's television viewing to prevent obesity: a randomized controlled trial. , 1999, JAMA.

[13]  S. Gerrior.  Food Guide Pyramid Practices of the Elderly , 1999 .

[14]  R. Jeffery,et al.  Confidence of health professionals in public health approaches to obesity prevention , 1999, International Journal of Obesity.

[15]  W. Russell,et al.  The Effectiveness of a Point-of-Decision Prompt in Deterring Sedentary Behavior , 1999, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[16]  S. Gortmaker,et al.  Reducing obesity via a school-based interdisciplinary intervention among youth: Planet Health. , 1999, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[17]  M. Story,et al.  Soft drink consumption among US children and adolescents: nutritional consequences. , 1999, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[18]  Kuo S. Huang.  Effects of food prices and consumer income on nutrient availability , 1999 .

[19]  S. Gerrior,et al.  Trends in the U.S. Food Supply, 1970-97 , 1999 .

[20]  L. Kantor.  A Comparison of the U.S. Food Supply With the Food Guide Pyramid Recommendations , 1999 .

[21]  A. Gallo.  Food Advertising in the United States , 1999 .

[22]  Kuo S. Huang.  Role of National Income and Prices , 1999 .

[23]  B. Lin,et al.  Nutrient contribution of food away from home , 1999 .

[24]  Causes and consequences of fast food sales growth , 1999 .

[25]  M L Neuhouser,et al.  Use of food nutrition labels is associated with lower fat intake. , 1999, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[26]  B H Marcus,et al.  Physical activity interventions using mass media, print media, and information technology. , 1998, American journal of preventive medicine.

[27]  A. Bauman,et al.  Environmental and policy interventions to promote physical activity. , 1998, American journal of preventive medicine.

[28]  D. Neumark-Sztainer,et al.  Consumer Preferences in Format and Type of Community-Based Weight Control Programs , 1998, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[29]  N J Wareham,et al.  The assessment of physical activity in individuals and populations: why try to be more precise about how physical activity is assessed? , 1998, International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[30]  M. M. Naves.  Introdução à pesquisa e informação científica aplicada à nutrição , 1998 .

[31]  J. Peters,et al.  Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. , 1998, Science.

[32]  R. Jeffery,et al.  Epidemic obesity in the United States: are fast foods and television viewing contributing? , 1998, American journal of public health.

[33]  D. Pelletier,et al.  The influence of commercialism on the food purchasing behavior of children and teenage youth , 1998 .

[34]  M. Carroll,et al.  Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960–1994 , 1998, International Journal of Obesity.

[35]  John P. Robinson,et al.  Time for Life: The Surprising Ways Americans Use Their Time , 1998 .

[36]  R. Jeffery,et al.  Pricing strategy to promote fruit and vegetable purchase in high school cafeterias. , 1997, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[37]  G. Block,et al.  US trends in nutrient intake: the 1987 and 1992 National Health Interview Surveys. , 1997, American journal of public health.

[38]  R. Wing,et al.  The Relationship between Presence of Exercise Equipment in the Home and Physical Activity Level , 1997, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[39]  P Hannan,et al.  A pricing strategy to promote low-fat snack choices through vending machines. , 1997, American journal of public health.

[40]  W. Haskell,et al.  Effect of community health education on physical activity knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. The Stanford Five-City Project. , 1996, American journal of epidemiology.

[41]  Usdhhs.  Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General , 1996 .

[42]  I. Sartori.  Increasing Prevalence of Overweight Among US Adults , 1996 .

[43]  M. Nestle,et al.  Portion Sizes in Dietary Assessment: Issues and Policy Implications , 2009 .

[44]  A F Subar,et al.  US adults' fruit and vegetable intakes, 1989 to 1991: a revised baseline for the Healthy People 2000 objective. , 1995, American journal of public health.

[45]  K. Glanz,et al.  Environmental and Policy Approaches to Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Through Nutrition: Opportunities for State and Local Action , 1995, Health education quarterly.

[46]  Fred Fridinger,et al.  Environmental and Policy Approaches to Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Through Physical Activity: Issues and Opportunities , 1995, Health education quarterly.

[47]  K. Flegal,et al.  Overweight prevalence and trends for children and adolescents. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1963 to 1991. , 1995, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[48]  B. Wansink.  Can Package Size Accelerate Usage Volume? , 1995 .

[49]  J. Muthukannan,et al.  The Food Guide Pyramid , 1995 .

[50]  R. Cervero,et al.  COMMUTING IN TRANSIT VERSUS AUTOMOBILE NEIGHBORHOODS , 1995 .

[51]  B. H. Patterson,et al.  Fruit and Vegetable Intake in the United States: The Baseline Survey of the Five a Day for Better Health Program , 1995, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[52]  C. Caspersen,et al.  Physical activity trends among 26 states, 1986-1990. , 1995, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[53]  A. Bauman,et al.  Serial mass-media campaigns to promote physical activity: reinforcing or redundant? , 1995, American journal of public health.

[54]  R. Jeffery,et al.  An environmental intervention to increase fruit and salad purchases in a cafeteria. , 1994, Preventive medicine.

[55]  M. Story,et al.  Food advertisements during children's Saturday morning television programming: are they consistent with dietary recommendations? , 1994, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[56]  T. Baranowski,et al.  The relationship among television watching, physical activity, and body composition of young children. , 1994, Pediatrics.

[57]  A. Folsom,et al.  Community education for cardiovascular disease prevention: risk factor changes in the Minnesota Heart Health Program. , 1994, American journal of public health.

[58]  K. Flegal,et al.  Increasing Prevalence of Overweight Among US Adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991 , 1994 .

[59]  R. Jeffery,et al.  Facility Access and Self-Reward as Methods to Promote Physical Activity among Healthy Sedentary Adults , 1994, American journal of health promotion : AJHP.

[60]  D. Jacobs,et al.  Mortality and Risk-factor Trends in Minnesota: Minnesota Heart Studies , 1994 .

[61]  W Pein,et al.  THE NATIONAL BICYCLING AND WALKING STUDY: TRANSPORTATION CHOICES FOR A CHANGING AMERICA. FINAL REPORT , 1994 .

[62]  Jane E. Allshouse,et al.  Food Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures, 1970-95 , 1993 .

[63]  Darrell M. Wilson,et al.  Does television viewing increase obesity and reduce physical activity? Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses among adolescent girls. , 1993, Pediatrics.

[64]  Mark Pendergrast,et al.  For God, Country, and Coca-Cola: The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It , 1993 .

[65]  Healthy people 2000: national health promotion and disease prevention objectives and healthy schools. , 1991, The Journal of school health.

[66]  L. Tucker.  Television viewing and physical fitness in adults. , 1990, Research quarterly for exercise and sport.

[67]  Joanne R. Lupton,et al.  Nutrition and Your Health Dietary Guidelines for Americans , 1980, Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

[68]  M. Story,et al.  The prime time diet: a content analysis of eating behavior and food messages in television program content and commercials. , 1990, American journal of public health.

[69]  Robert J. Samuelson,et al.  Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1988 , 1989 .

[70]  T. Stephens.  Secular Trends in Adult Physical Activity: Exercise Boom or Bust? , 1987 .

[71]  L. Tucker.  The relationship of television viewing to physical fitness and obesity. , 1986, Adolescence.

[72]  ROBERT W. Johnson,et al.  Healthy people. , 1985, Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique.

[73]  Roger A. Lancaster.  Recreation, park and open space standards and guidelines. , 1983 .

[74]  K. Brownell,et al.  Evaluation and modification of exercise patterns in the natural environment. , 1980, The American journal of psychiatry.

[75]  D. Commerce.  Statistical abstract of the United States , 1978 .

[76]  John R. Christiansen,et al.  [Prevention of obesity]. , 1953, Ugeskrift for laeger.

[77]  S. A. Sherman,et al.  Advertising in the United States , 1900 .