Pictorial memory processes

When pictures are compared to words as stimuli in experimental learning tasks, significant differences are usually found. Pictures result in better performance in recognition memory tasks (e.g., Snodgrass, Volvovitz, & Walfish, 1972; Standing, 1973), in free recall tasks (e.g., Dallett & Wilcox, 1968; Sampson, 1970), and as stimulus items in paired associate learning tasks (e.g., Kopstein & Roshal, 1954; Jenkins, 1968). On the other hand, under some conditions involving sequential memory, words result in better performance (e.g., Paivio & Csapo, 1969, 1971). Such research has led to conflicting speculations concerning the memory mechanisms by which pictures and words are processed. One general approach has been to maintain that the processing of pictorial stimuli can be satisfactorily accounted for by the same memory mechanisms that are used to describe the processing of verbal information. A second approach has been to emphasize the differences in processing words and pictures and to argue for the utility of memory

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