Lateral error recovery for application-level multicast

We consider the delivery of reliable and streaming services using application-level multicast (ALM) by means of UDP, where packet loss has to be recovered via retransmission in a timely manner in order to offer high level of service. Since packets may be lost due to congestion, tree-reconfiguration or node failure, the traditional "vertical" recovery, whereby upstream nodes retransmit the lost packet is no longer effective. We therefore propose and investigate lateral error recovery (LER). In LER, hosts are divided into a number of planes, each of which forms an independent ALM tree. Since the correlation of error among the planes is likely to be low, a node can effectively recover its error "laterally" from nearby nodes in other planes. We employ the technique of global network positioning (GNP) to map the hosts into a coordinate space and identify a set of close neighbors for error recovery by constructing a Voronoi diagram for each plane. We present centralized and distributed algorithm on how to construct the Voronoi diagrams. Using Internet-like topologies, we show via simulations that our system achieves low overheads in terms of relative delay penalty and physical link stress. For reliable service, lateral recovery greatly reduces the average recovery time as compared with vertical recovery schemes. For streaming applications, LER achieves much lower residual loss rate under a certain deadline constraint.