This paper provides a review of the catalytic upgrading of biomass-derived oils such as wood pyrolytic oils, plant/vegetable oils and tall oil to transportation fuels and useful chemicals. Both zeolite and hydrotreating type catalysts have been found suitable for upgrading which was usually done in fixed bed reactors. The hydrotreatment of pyrolytic oils at 250-450°C and 15-20 MPa H2 pressures has been reported to yield up to 55 wt. % of liquid product containing 40-50 wt. % of gasoline range hydrocarbons. In the case of HZSM-5, the upgrading has been carried out at atmospheric pressure and 350-500°C and over 85 wt. % conversions of plant oils and tall oil have been achieved under optimum conditions. Liquid product yields from these oils were up to 70 wt. % of feed which contained 40-50 wt. % aromatic hydrocarbons. With the high pressure pyrolytic oil, pitch conversions of over 75 wt. % have been observed with HZSM-5 using co-feeds such as tetralin. However, there is only scant information available on the kinetic and mechanistic aspects of upgrading of these oils.
Nous presentons dans cet article une revue des techniques de valorisation catalytique des huiles derivees de la biomasse telles que les huiles de pyrolyse du bois, les huiles vegetales et le “tall oil”, en huile de transfert et en produits chimiques utiles. Tant les catalyseurs d'hydrotraitement que les zeolithes s'averent adequats pour la transformation effectuee en general dans des reacteurs en lit fixe. L'hydrotraitement des huiles pyrolytiques a 250-450°C et 15-20 MPa de pression d'H2 peut produire, selon la litterature technique, jusqu'a 55% en poids de produit liquide contenant 40 a 50% en poids d'hydrocarbure dans la gamme des essences. Dans le cas de la HZSM-5, la valorisation est realisee a la pression atmospherique et entre 350 et 500°C; des conversions superieures a 85% en poids d'huiles industrielles et de “tall oil” sont obtenues dans des conditions optimales. Les rendements en produit liquide atteignent jusqu'a 70% en poids de l'alimentation qui contient entre 40 et 50% d'hydrocarbures aromatiques. Avec l'huile pyrolytique de haute pression, on a observe des conversions de plus de 75% en poids avec la HZSM-5 en utilisant de la tetraline en co-alimentation. Cependant, peu de donnees sont disponibles concernant les aspects cinetiques et mecanistiques de la valorisation de ces huiles.
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