Towards the ontological foundations of symbolic biological theories

OBJECTIVE Support for the symbolic representation of the physical structure of living organisms by an ontologically solid and logically sound foundation as a basis for formal reasoning. METHODS A set of canonical relations and attributes necessary for empirically adequate descriptions of biological entities is proposed. RESULTS It is shown how a broad range of biological organisms and their parts can be represented by cascading theories which are ordered by the dimensions of granularity, development, species, and canonicity. CONCLUSION The proposed representation of biological objects is non-redundant and compatible with inter- and intra-species similarities, developmental stages and pathological deviations.

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