Simulation of surgical procedures and associated quantification methods by 3D PDF documents

The goal of the present study was to create the tools for the simulation of surgical procedures (extended endoscopic endonasal approaches) and the step-by-step simulation of quantification methods of such procedures. This was achieved by the reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) geometrical models of anatomical structures from the pre- and post-dissection head CT images, which were then used to perform the quantitative analysis of bone removal and calculate the quantification parameters (surgical freedom and exposure area) of each procedure. The results are presented in the interactive 3D PDF documents which explain the surgery steps and quantitative analysis in an illustrative and simple way, can be used off-line, are free of charge and don't require the installation of any commercial software.

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