VERBAL BEHAVIOR OF SCHIZOPHRENIC AND NORMAL SUBJECTS *

I n t h e b e g i n n i n g w a s t h e Word, a n d i t m u s t h a v e b e e n p o s i t i v e l y r e i n f o r c e d , b e c a u s e man h a s b e e n t a l k i n g i n c e s s a n t l y e v e r s i n c e . I t comes a s no s u r p r i s e , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t s t u d e n t s o f p s y c h o p a t h o l o g y s p e n d so much o f t h e i r t i m e a n d e n e r g y i n e x a m i n i n g t h e l a n g u a g e o f abnormal p e o p l e . S c h i z o p h r e n i c s p e e c h i n p a r t i c u l a r h a s g i v e n r i s e to many s t u d i e s a n d t h e o r i e s . I t h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d a s “word s a l a d , ” a s too pers o n a l a n d a s t o o i m p e r s o n a l , a s n o n c o m m u n i c a t i v e , i d i o s y n c r a t i c , r e p e t i t i v e , d i s s o c i a t i v e a n d as o v e r l y g e n e r a l i z e d a n d , o f c o u r s e , o v e r l y c o n c r e t e . In t h e f a c e of t h i s o v e r f l o w o f t h e o r i e s a n d c o n t r a d i c t i o n of f a c t s , w e d e c i d e d to s t u d y some of t h e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h i c h s c h i z o p h r e n i c s p e e c h s a m p l e s a r e c o l l e c t e d a n d to e v a l u a t e a t least some of t h e v a r i a b l e s w h i c h m i g h t i n f l u e n c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s c h i z o p h r e n i c s p e e c h . W e c h o s e a s o u r f i r s t s u b j e c t of s t u d y t h e s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h d a t a a b o u t s c h i z o p h r e n i c v e r b a l b e h a v i o r is most o f t e n c o l l e c t e d , n a m e l y , t h e i n t e r v i e w . In a d i f f e r e n t c o n t e x t (Sa lz inger , 1959a) w e c o n c e p t u a l i z e d w h a t h a p p e n s to t h e d a t a a f t e r t h e y h a v e b e e n coll e c t e d i n a n i n t e r v i e w i n t e r m s of a c o m m u n i c a t i o n t h e o r y model . T h e i n t e r v i e w e r i n t e r v i e w e e i n t e r a c t i o n c o n s t i t u t e s t h e o r i g i n a l m e s sage t h e i n p u t w h i c h p a s s e s through a s e r i e s o f f i l t e r s a n d n o i s e g e n e r a t o r s c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e i n t e r v i e w e r ’ s p o w e r s of o b s e r v a t i o n a n d memory, h i s s e l e c t i v e r e c o r d i n g t e c h n i q u e s , h i s m e t h o d s of a n a l y s i s of t h e d a t a , a n d h i s s u m m a r i z i n e m e a s u r e ; o n l y a f t e r t h e i n f o r m a t i o n h a s b e e n par t ly lost a n d par t ly d i s t o r t e d is t h e r e a n o u t p u t w h i c h c o n s i s t s o f t h e c l i n i c i a n ’ s j u d g m e n t of d i a g n o s i s , p rogn o s i s , t y p e of t h o u g h t d i s o r d e r , o r w h a t h a v e you. Al though t h i s model g i v e s r i s e to a s e r i e s of i d e a s for r e s e a r c h , as , for e x a m p l e , how m u c h informat ion i s l o s t a t e a c h f i l t e r , i t is a model a b o u t the

[1]  G. A. Miller,et al.  Verbal context and the recall of meaningful material. , 1950, The American journal of psychology.

[2]  W. L. Taylor,et al.  Application of 'Cloze' and Entropy Measures to the Study of Contextual Constraint in Samples of Continuous Prose , 1954 .

[3]  M. Hammer,et al.  SOME FORMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SCHIZOPHRENIC SPEECH AS A MEASURE OF SOCIAL DEVIANCE * , 1964, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[4]  W. Johnson,et al.  Studies in language behavior , 1944 .

[5]  R. S. Feldman,et al.  EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION OF CONTINUOUS SPEECH IN SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS. , 1964, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[6]  R S FELDMAN,et al.  The effect of order of approximation to the statistical structure of English on the emission of verbal responses. , 1962, Journal of experimental psychology.

[7]  K. Salzinger Experimental manipulation of verbal behavior: a review. , 1959, The Journal of general psychology.

[8]  Marcus B. Waller,et al.  The operant control of vocalization in the dog. , 1962, Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior.

[9]  L. Krasner,et al.  Studies on the conditioning of verbal behavior. , 1958, Psychological bulletin.

[10]  K. Salzinger,et al.  THE CONDITIONABILITY OF DIFFERENT VERBAL RESPONSE CLASSES: POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND NONAFFECT STATEMENTS. , 1964, The Journal of general psychology.

[11]  K. Salzinger,et al.  Some parameters of the conditioning of verbal affect responses in schizophrenic subjects. , 1961, Journal of abnormal and social psychology.

[12]  L. V. Jones,et al.  An application of "cloze" technique to the study of aphasic speech. , 1962, Journal of abnormal and social psychology.

[13]  K. Salzinger Shift in judgment of weights as a function of anchoring stimuli and instructions in early schizophrenics and normals. , 1957, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[14]  K. Salzinger,et al.  Reinforcement of verbal affect responses of normal subjects during the interview. , 1960, Journal of abnormal and social psychology.

[15]  C. Osgood,et al.  Motivation and language behavior: a content analysis of suicide notes. , 1959, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[16]  K. Salzinger,et al.  Reinforcement of affect responses of schizophrenics during the clinical interview. , 1958, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[17]  R. S. Feldman,et al.  THE EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT ON VERBAL AND NONVERBAL RESPONSES. , 1964, The Journal of general psychology.

[18]  Wilson L. Taylor,et al.  “Cloze Procedure”: A New Tool for Measuring Readability , 1953 .

[19]  J. Zubin,et al.  Operant conditioning of continuous speech in young children. , 1962, Child development.

[20]  Wilson L. Taylor,et al.  Recent Developments in the Use of “Cloze Procedure” , 1956 .