Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections.

Naomi P. O’Grady, Mary Alexander, E. Patchen Dellinger, Julie L. Gerberding, Stephen O. Heard, Dennis G. Maki, Henry Masur, Rita D. McCormick, Leonard A. Mermel, Michele L. Pearson, Issam I. Raad, Adrienne Randolph, and Robert A. Weinstein National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Infusion Nurses Society, Cambridge, and University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, and The Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of Washington, Seattle; Office of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Wisconsin Medical School and Hospital and Clinics, Madison; Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island; MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Cook County Hospital and Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois

[1]  C. Squier,et al.  Reduction in nosocomial intravenous device-related bacteremias after institution of an intravenous therapy team. , 1996, Journal of intravenous nursing : the official publication of the Intravenous Nurses Society.

[2]  X. Castellsagué,et al.  Randomized, Double-Blind Trial of an Antibiotic-Lock Technique for Prevention of Gram-Positive Central Venous Catheter-Related Infection in Neutropenic Patients with Cancer , 1999, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[3]  L. Boxer,et al.  Thrombospondin binds to Staphylococcus aureus and promotes staphylococcal adherence to surfaces , 1991, Infection and immunity.

[4]  G. Beathard,et al.  Management of bacteremia associated with tunneled-cuffed hemodialysis catheters. , 1999, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[5]  Ronald N. Jones,et al.  National surveillance of nosocomial blood stream infection due to species of Candida other than Candida albicans: frequency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibility in the SCOPE Program. SCOPE Participant Group. Surveillance and Control of Pathogens of Epidemiologic. , 1998, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[6]  D. Maki,et al.  A comparative study of polyantibiotic and iodophor ointments in prevention of vascular catheter-related infection. , 1981, The American journal of medicine.

[7]  D. Warren,et al.  Preventing Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infections: A Survey of Policies for Insertion and Care of Central Venous Catheters From Hospitals in the Prevention Epicenter Program , 2006, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[8]  T. Lumley,et al.  Efficacy of antiseptic-impregnated central venous catheters in preventing catheter-related bloodstream infection: a meta-analysis. , 1999, JAMA.

[9]  ASHP guidelines on quality assurance for pharmacy-prepared sterile products. American Society of Health System Pharmacists. , 2000, American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.

[10]  P. T. ter Wee,et al.  Superior antimicrobial activity of trisodium citrate over heparin for catheter locking. , 2002, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[11]  B. Souweine,et al.  Prospective study of arterial and central venous catheter colonization and of arterial- and central venous catheter–related bacteremia in intensive care units* , 2005, Critical care medicine.

[12]  C. Brun-Buisson,et al.  Prevention of intravascular catheter-related infection with newer chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine-coated catheters: a randomized controlled trial , 2004, Intensive Care Medicine.

[13]  T. G. Baumgartner,et al.  Bacterial endotoxin retention by inline intravenous filters. , 1986, American journal of hospital pharmacy.

[14]  Marlene R. Miller,et al.  Increased Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection Rates After the Introduction of a New Mechanical Valve Intravenous Access Port , 2006, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[15]  Mark A. Miller,et al.  Development of Mupirocin Resistance Among Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus After Widespread Use of Nasal Mupirocin Ointment , 1996, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[16]  R. Gayle,et al.  Increased Infection Rate in Double-Lumen Versus Single-Lumen Hickman Catheters in Cancer Patients , 1990, Southern medical journal.

[17]  M. Farnell,et al.  Prospective, randomized trial of rapid venous access for patients in hypovolemic shock. , 1989, Annals of emergency medicine.

[18]  R. Fluck,et al.  A meta-analysis of hemodialysis catheter locking solutions in the prevention of catheter-related infection. , 2008, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[19]  L. J. Douglas,et al.  Biofilm formation by Candida species on the surface of catheter materials in vitro , 1994, Infection and immunity.

[20]  G P Samsa,et al.  Transparent polyurethane film as an intravenous catheter dressing. A meta-analysis of the infection risks. , 1992, JAMA.

[21]  K. Ostrowska,et al.  An outbreak of Serratia marcescens associated with the anesthetic agent propofol. , 2001, American journal of infection control.

[22]  T. Louie,et al.  Handwashing practices in an intensive care unit: the effects of an educational program and its relationship to infection rates. , 1989, American journal of infection control.

[23]  P. Lambert,et al.  A randomized, prospective clinical trial to assess the potential infection risk associated with the PosiFlow needleless connector. , 2003, The Journal of hospital infection.

[24]  K. Barrington,et al.  Vancomycin for prophylaxis against sepsis in preterm neonates. , 2000, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[25]  R. Gaynes,et al.  Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. , 1999, Critical care medicine.

[26]  J. Jernigan,et al.  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus central line-associated bloodstream infections in US intensive care units, 1997-2007. , 2009, JAMA.

[27]  H. Muytjens,et al.  Mupirocin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci, after topical prophylaxis for the reduction of colonization of central venous catheters. , 1995, The Journal of hospital infection.

[28]  H. Kantarjian,et al.  Long-term silicone central venous catheters impregnated with minocycline and rifampin decrease rates of catheter-related bloodstream infection in cancer patients: a prospective randomized clinical trial. , 2004, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[29]  M. Tabuse,et al.  Povidone-Iodine Ointment and Gauze Dressings Associated With Reduced Catheter-Related Infection in Seriously Ill Neurosurgical Patients , 2004, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[30]  A. Daneman,et al.  A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Heparin Versus Placebo Infusion to Prolong the Usability of Peripherally Placed Percutaneous Central Venous Catheters (PCVCs) in Neonates: The HIP (Heparin Infusion for PCVC) Study , 2007, Pediatrics.

[31]  B. Farber,et al.  Staphylococcus epidermidis extracted slime inhibits the antimicrobial action of glycopeptide antibiotics. , 1990, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[32]  G. Luxton,et al.  Prevention of tunneled hemodialysis catheter-related infections using catheter-restricted filling with gentamicin and citrate: a randomized controlled study. , 2002, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[33]  W. Schaffner,et al.  Microbiol growth in lipid emulsions used in parenteral nutrition. , 1975, Archives of surgery.

[34]  D. Pittet,et al.  Nosocomial bloodstream infection in critically ill patients. Excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality. , 1994, JAMA.

[35]  H. Harter,et al.  Superiority of the internal jugular over the subclavian access for temporary dialysis. , 1990, Nephron.

[36]  R. Anderson,et al.  Indwelling arterial catheters as a source of nosocomial bacteremia. An outbreak caused by Flavobacterium Species. , 1975, The New England journal of medicine.

[37]  Munn Sann Lye,et al.  Risk factors associated with umbilical vascular catheter‐associated thrombosis in newborn infants , 1999, Journal of paediatrics and child health.

[38]  W. Jarvis,et al.  Increased Bloodstream Infection Rates in Surgical Patients Associated with Variation from Recommended Use and Care Following Implementation of a Needleless Device , 1998, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[39]  M. Fletcher,et al.  Umbilical Arterial Catheter Use: Report of an Audit Conducted by the Study Group for Complications of Perinatal Care , 1994, American journal of perinatology.

[40]  D. Ivy,et al.  Closed-Hub Systems with Protected Connections and the Reduction of Risk of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection in Pediatric Patients Receiving Intravenous Prostanoid Therapy for Pulmonary Hypertension , 2009, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[41]  J. Ibáñez-Nolla,et al.  A prospective, randomized study in critically ill patients using the Oligon Vantex catheter. , 2003, The Journal of hospital infection.

[42]  P. Gastmeier,et al.  Prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections: analysis of studies published between 2002 and 2005. , 2006, The Journal of hospital infection.

[43]  K. Jeejeebhoy,et al.  Taurolidine 2% as an antimicrobial lock solution for prevention of recurrent catheter-related bloodstream infections. , 1998, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[44]  T. Karrison,et al.  Safety of Peripheral Intravenous Catheters in Children , 1999, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[45]  C. Lang,et al.  Effectiveness of skin absorption of tincture of I in blocking radioiodine from the human thyroid gland. , 1989, Health physics.

[46]  William E Trick,et al.  Effectiveness of chlorhexidine bathing to reduce catheter-associated bloodstream infections in medical intensive care unit patients. , 2007, Archives of internal medicine.

[47]  A. García de Lorenzo,et al.  Growth of microorganisms in parenteral nutrient solutions. , 1984, American journal of hospital pharmacy.

[48]  S. Wagner,et al.  Transfusion-associated bacterial sepsis , 1994, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[49]  J. A. Cooper,et al.  Colonization of bacteria on polyvinyl chloride and Teflon intravascular catheters in hospitalized patients , 1983, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[50]  R. Marcus,et al.  Prevention of central venous catheter associated thrombosis using minidose warfarin in patients with haematological malignancies , 1998, British journal of haematology.

[51]  P. Fontaine Performance of a new softening expanding midline catheter in home intravenous therapy patients. , 1991, Journal of intravenous nursing : the official publication of the Intravenous Nurses Society.

[52]  Sanjay Saint,et al.  Chlorhexidine compared with povidone-iodine solution for vascular catheter-site care: a meta-analysis. , 2002, Annals of internal medicine.

[53]  I. Raad,et al.  Blood Products: A Significant Risk Factor for Long-Term Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections in Cancer Patients , 2001, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[54]  S. Turco,et al.  Particulate matter in intravenous infusion fluids--phase 3. , 1973, American journal of hospital pharmacy.

[55]  Update: universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in health-care settings. , 1989, The Kansas nurse.

[56]  M. McMahon,et al.  Prevention of catheter related bloodstream infection by silver iontophoretic central venous catheters: a randomised controlled trial , 2003, Journal of clinical pathology.

[57]  C. McLaren,et al.  Intravenous therapy team and peripheral venous catheter-associated complications. A prospective controlled study. , 1985, Archives of internal medicine.

[58]  P. Chou,et al.  Comparison between replacement at 4 days and 7 days of the infection rate for pulmonary artery catheters in an intensive care unit* , 2003, Critical care medicine.

[59]  S. Toledano,et al.  Prevention of indwelling central venous catheter sepsis. , 1996, Medical and pediatric oncology.

[60]  P. Ganly,et al.  A prospective double-blind randomized trial comparing intraluminal ethanol with heparinized saline for the prevention of catheter-associated bloodstream infection in immunosuppressed haematology patients. , 2008, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[61]  G. Bodey,et al.  The relationship between the thrombotic and infectious complications of central venous catheters. , 1994, JAMA.

[62]  N. Powe,et al.  Septicemia in dialysis patients: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis. , 1999, Kidney international.

[63]  C. Salgado,et al.  Increased Rate of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection Associated With Use of a Needleless Mechanical Valve Device at a Long-Term Acute Care Hospital , 2007, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[64]  T. Lipman,et al.  Central venous catheter care in parenteral nutrition: a review. , 1987, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[65]  A. Gristina,et al.  Biomaterial-centered infection: microbial adhesion versus tissue integration. , 1987, Science.

[66]  L. J. Douglas,et al.  Candida biofilms and their role in infection. , 2003, Trends in microbiology.

[67]  L. Rasero,et al.  Comparison of two different time interval protocols for central venous catheter dressing in bone marrow transplant patients: results of a randomized, multicenter study. The Italian Nurse Bone Marrow Transplant Group (GITMO). , 2000, Haematologica.

[68]  K. Ho,et al.  Use of chlorhexidine-impregnated dressing to prevent vascular and epidural catheter colonization and infection: a meta-analysis. , 2006, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[69]  D M Perrotta,et al.  Postoperative infections traced to contamination of an intravenous anesthetic, propofol. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[70]  C. Martin,et al.  A prospective evaluation of the use of femoral venous catheters in critically ill adults. , 1997, Critical care medicine.

[71]  A. Cheng,et al.  Incidence of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection Among Patients With a Needleless, Mechanical Valve–Based Intravenous Connector in an Australian Hematology-Oncology Unit , 2007, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[72]  Mark R Hunter Development of a Vascular Access Team in an Acute Care Setting , 2003, Journal of infusion nursing : the official publication of the Infusion Nurses Society.

[73]  B. Meyers,et al.  Study of a Needleless Intermittent Intravenous-Access System for Peripheral Infusions: Analysis of Staff, Patient, and Institutional Outcomes , 1998, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[74]  B. McNeil,et al.  Microparticulate-induced phlebitis. Its prevention by in-line filtration. , 1985, The New England journal of medicine.

[75]  Ruosha Li,et al.  Ultrasound-guided central venous catheter placement decreases complications and decreases placement attempts compared with the landmark technique in patients in a pediatric intensive care unit* , 2009, Critical care medicine.

[76]  G. Sheldon,et al.  Septic complications of total parenteral nutrition. A five year experience. , 1976, American journal of surgery.

[77]  E. Spitznagel,et al.  A randomized trial of povidone-iodine compared with iodine tincture for venipuncture site disinfection: effects on rates of blood culture contamination. , 1999, The American journal of medicine.

[78]  M. F. Sierra,et al.  The Relationship Between Intravenous Fluid Contamination and the Frequency of Tubing Replacement , 1985, Infection Control.

[79]  D. Moro,et al.  Gadolinium-based MR contrast media: potential for growth of microbial contaminants when single vials are used for multiple patients. , 1995, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[80]  Didier Pittet,et al.  Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC / SHEA / APIC / IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force , 2002 .

[81]  S. Fridkin,et al.  The Influence of the Composition of the Nursing Staff on Primary Bloodstream Infection Rates in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit , 2000, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[82]  H. K. Kim,et al.  Prevention of uncuffed hemodialysis catheter-related bacteremia using an antibiotic lock technique: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. , 2006, Kidney international.

[83]  C. Rickard,et al.  Prospective study of peripheral arterial catheter infection and comparison with concurrently sited central venous catheters* , 2008, Critical care medicine.

[84]  S. Boschi,et al.  Comparison of two different time interval protocols for central venous catheter dressing in bone marrow transplant patients: results of a randomized, multicenter study. The Italian Nurse Bone Marrow Transplant Group (GITMO). , 2000, Haematologica.

[85]  R. Deane,et al.  Bacterial contamination of arterial lines. A prospective study. , 1983, JAMA.

[86]  H. Matsuda,et al.  Prevention of catheter-related sepsis during parenteral nutrition: effect of a new connection device. , 1992, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[87]  C. Brun-Buisson,et al.  Outcomes of primary and catheter-related bacteremia. A cohort and case-control study in critically ill patients. , 2001, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[88]  James R. Anderson,et al.  Outbreak of bloodstream infection temporally associated with the use of an intravascular needleless valve. , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[89]  S. Venkataraman,et al.  Femoral Vascular Catheterization in Critically Ill Infants and Children , 1997, Clinical pediatrics.

[90]  F. Schillinger,et al.  Post catheterisation vein stenosis in haemodialysis: comparative angiographic study of 50 subclavian and 50 internal jugular accesses. , 1991, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[91]  S. Vas,et al.  CHANGING SUBCLAVIAN HAEMODIALYSIS CANNULAS TO REDUCE INFECTION , 1981, The Lancet.

[92]  O. Wenker,et al.  Comparison of Two Antimicrobial—Impregnated Central Venous Catheters , 1999 .

[93]  L. Mermel,et al.  The Risk of Midline Catheterization in Hospitalized Patients: A Prospective Study , 1995, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[94]  A. Gabrielli,et al.  Central venous catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin for the prevention of catheter-related colonization and bloodstream infections. A randomized, double-blind trial. The Texas Medical Center Catheter Study Group. , 1997, Annals of internal medicine.

[95]  L. Reubens,et al.  Prevention of central venous catheter-related coagulase-negative staphylococcal sepsis in neonates. , 1994, The Journal of pediatrics.

[96]  Marcelo Park,et al.  Impact of an educational program and policy changes on decreasing catheter-associated bloodstream infections in a medical intensive care unit in Brazil. , 2005, American journal of infection control.

[97]  W. McGuire,et al.  Percutaneous central venous catheters versus peripheral cannulae for delivery of parenteral nutrition in neonates. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[98]  G. Sadoyama,et al.  Comparison between the jugular and subclavian vein as insertion site for central venous catheters: microbiological aspects and risk factors for colonization and infection. , 2003, The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases.

[99]  C. Brun-Buisson,et al.  Prospective, randomized trial of two antiseptic solutions for prevention of central venous or arterial catheter colonization and infection in intensive care unit patients. , 1996, Critical care medicine.

[100]  E. Anaissie,et al.  Ultrastructural analysis of indwelling vascular catheters: a quantitative relationship between luminal colonization and duration of placement. , 1993, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[101]  H. Richet,et al.  Prospective multicenter study of vascular-catheter-related complications and risk factors for positive central-catheter cultures in intensive care unit patients , 1990, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[102]  J. Puyana,et al.  Influence of triple-lumen central venous catheters coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine on the incidence of catheter-related bacteremia. , 1998, Archives of internal medicine.

[103]  M. Mythen,et al.  Two episodes of life-threatening anaphylaxis in the same patient to a chlorhexidine-sulphadiazine-coated central venous catheter. , 2001, British journal of anaesthesia.

[104]  R. Indar The dangers of indwelling polyethylene cannulae in deep veins. , 1959, Lancet.

[105]  A. Macías Optimal Frequency of Changing Intravenous Administration Sets: Is It Safe to Prolong Use Beyond 72 Hours? , 2001, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[106]  B. Fuhrman,et al.  Percutaneous central venous catheterization in a pediatric intensive care unit: a survival analysis of complications. , 1989, Critical care medicine.

[107]  Bala Hota,et al.  Effectiveness of Routine Patient Cleansing with Chlorhexidine Gluconate for Infection Prevention in the Medical Intensive Care Unit , 2009, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[108]  A. Santoro,et al.  Minidose warfarin prophylaxis for catheter-associated thrombosis in cancer patients: can it be safely associated with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy? , 2003, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[109]  D. Pittet,et al.  Impact of a prevention strategy targeted at vascular-access care on incidence of infections acquired in intensive care , 2000, The Lancet.

[110]  W J Martone,et al.  Secular trends in nosocomial primary bloodstream infections in the United States, 1980-1989. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. , 1991, The American journal of medicine.

[111]  A. Buzaid,et al.  A prospective crossover randomized trial of novobiocin and rifampin prophylaxis for the prevention of intravascular catheter infections in cancer patients treated with interleukin‐2 , 1998, Cancer.

[112]  O. Garden,et al.  Does antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of catheter insertion reduce the incidence of catheter-related sepsis in intravenous nutrition? , 1985, The Journal of hospital infection.

[113]  M. Wagener,et al.  Risk of Infection Due to Central Venous Catheters: Effect of Site of Placement and Catheter Type , 1998, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[114]  Peter J Pronovost,et al.  Sustaining reductions in catheter related bloodstream infections in Michigan intensive care units: observational study , 2010, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[115]  G. Bodey,et al.  Diagnosis of catheter-related infections: the role of surveillance and targeted quantitative skin cultures. , 1995, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[116]  P. Ankola,et al.  Effect of Adding Heparin in Very Low Concentration to the Infusate to Prolong the Patency of Umbilical Artery Catheters , 1993, American journal of perinatology.

[117]  J. Timsit,et al.  Chlorhexidine-impregnated sponges and less frequent dressing changes for prevention of catheter-related infections in critically ill adults: a randomized controlled trial. , 2009, JAMA.

[118]  J. A. Capdevila,et al.  Catheter-related infection: an update on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. , 1998, International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases.

[119]  S. Povoski A Prospective Analysis of the Cephalic Vein Cutdown Approach for Chronic Indwelling Central Venous Access in 100 Consecutive Cancer Patients , 2000, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[120]  B. S. Niël-Weise,et al.  Is there evidence for recommending needleless closed catheter access systems in guidelines? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. , 2006, The Journal of hospital infection.

[121]  M. Fisher,et al.  Pseudomonas maltophilia bacteremia in children undergoing open heart surgery. , 1981, JAMA.

[122]  T V Perneger,et al.  Bacterial contamination of the hands of hospital staff during routine patient care. , 1999, Archives of internal medicine.

[123]  S. Atmaca,et al.  The effects of magnesium, calcium and EDTA on slime production byStaphylococcus epidermidis strains , 2008, Folia Microbiologica.

[124]  C. Gennings,et al.  Prospective study of catheter replacement and other risk factors for infection of hyperalimentation catheters. , 1986, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[125]  B. Hoen,et al.  EPIBACDIAL: a multicenter prospective study of risk factors for bacteremia in chronic hemodialysis patients. , 1998, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[126]  V. Stallings,et al.  A randomized, controlled trial of the efficacy of a heparin and vancomycin solution in preventing central venous catheter infections in children. , 1995, The Journal of pediatrics.

[127]  N. Powe,et al.  Septicemia in diabetic hemodialysis patients: comparison of incidence, risk factors, and mortality with nondiabetic hemodialysis patients. , 2000, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[128]  J. Burke,et al.  Risk of infection with intravenous indwelling catheters: effect of application of antibiotic ointment. , 1969, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[129]  M. Gumus,et al.  Port needles: do they need to be removed as frequently in infusional chemotherapy? , 2003, Journal of infusion nursing : the official publication of the Infusion Nurses Society.

[130]  D. Cook,et al.  Central venous catheter replacement strategies: a systematic review of the literature. , 1997, Critical care medicine.

[131]  Jane Barrowman-Harpr Extended use of disposable pressure transducers: A bacteriologic evaluation , 1986 .

[132]  G. Bodey,et al.  The broad-spectrum activity and efficacy of catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin. , 1996, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[133]  R. Wenzel,et al.  Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[134]  D. Pittet,et al.  Nosocomial bloodstream infections. Secular trends in rates, mortality, and contribution to total hospital deaths. , 1995, Archives of internal medicine.

[135]  K. Ragland,et al.  Surveillance of intravenous catheter-related infections among home care clients. , 1994, American journal of infection control.

[136]  D. Nelson,et al.  The natural history of teflon catheter-associated phlebitis in children , 1987 .

[137]  D. Goldmann,et al.  Comparison of 10% povidone-iodine and 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate for the prevention of peripheral intravenous catheter colonization in neonates: a prospective trial. , 1995, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

[138]  P. Benotti,et al.  Very low doses of warfarin can prevent thrombosis in central venous catheters. A randomized prospective trial. , 1990, Annals of internal medicine.

[139]  P. François,et al.  Identification of the ligand‐binding domain of the surface‐located fibrinogen receptor (clumping factor) of Staphylococcus aureus , 1995, Molecular microbiology.

[140]  J. Jeljaszewicz,et al.  Investigation on extracellular slime substance produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis. , 1984, Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie, und Hygiene. Series A, Medical microbiology, infectious diseases, virology, parasitology.

[141]  W. Jarvis,et al.  Bacterial growth and endotoxin production in lipid emulsion , 1984, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[142]  R. Weinstein,et al.  Pressure transducers as a source of bacteremia after open heart surgery. Report of an outbreak and guidelines for prevention. , 1976, Chest.

[143]  D. Maki,et al.  Endemic rate of fluid contamination and related septicemia in arterial pressure monitoring. , 1981, The American journal of medicine.

[144]  P. P. Filho,et al.  Emergence of high-level mupirocin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Brazilian university hospitals. , 1996, Infection control and hospital epidemiology.

[145]  D. Snydman,et al.  Intravenous Tubing Containing Burettes Can Be Safely Changed at 72 Hour Intervals , 1987, Infection Control.

[146]  H. Tesluk,et al.  Complications following use of indwelling catheters of inferior vena cava. , 1958, Journal of the American Medical Association.

[147]  L. Mermel,et al.  Epidemic Bloodstream Infections From Hemodynamic Pressure Monitoring: Signs of the Times , 1989, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[148]  S Chevret,et al.  Attributable Morbidity and Mortality of Catheter-Related Septicemia in Critically Ill Patients: a Matched, Risk-Adjusted, Cohort Study , 1999, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[149]  M. Courtney,et al.  Routine Changing of Intravenous Administration Sets Does Not Reduce Colonization or Infection in Central Venous Catheters , 2004, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[150]  H. Isenberg,et al.  Central catheter infections: single- versus triple-lumen catheters. Influence of guide wires on infection rates when used for replacement of catheters. , 1988, The American journal of medicine.

[151]  P. V. D. van de Ven,et al.  Randomized, clinical trial comparison of trisodium citrate 30% and heparin as catheter-locking solution in hemodialysis patients. , 2005, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[152]  S. Polansky,et al.  Effect of heparin infusates in umbilical arterial catheters on frequency of thrombotic complications. , 1987, The Journal of pediatrics.

[153]  J. Fischer,et al.  Catheter complications in total parenteral nutrition. A prospective study of 200 consecutive patients. , 1974, The New England journal of medicine.

[154]  R. Sheridan,et al.  Femoral venous access is safe in burned children: an analysis of 224 catheters. , 1997, The Journal of pediatrics.

[155]  Macdonald Mg,et al.  Intravenous access in newborn infants: impact of extended umbilical venous catheter use on requirement for peripheral venous lines. , 1996 .

[156]  S. Trottier,et al.  Femoral deep vein thrombosis associated with central venous catheterization: results from a prospective, randomized trial. , 1995, Critical care medicine.

[157]  D. Maki,et al.  Nationwide epidemic of septicemia caused by contaminated infusion products. IV. Growth of microbial pathogens in fluids for intravenous infusions. , 1975, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[158]  Robert Sherertz,et al.  Education of Physicians-in-Training Can Decrease the Risk for Vascular Catheter Infection , 2000, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[159]  A. Wilmer,et al.  Use of full sterile barrier precautions during insertion of arterial catheters: a randomized trial. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[160]  L. Rubin,et al.  Use of disinfectants to reduce microbial contamination of hubs of vascular catheters , 1993, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[161]  J. Hux,et al.  Hemodialysis infection prevention with polysporin ointment. , 2003, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[162]  W. N. Jensen,et al.  Scanning electron microscopy of thrombogenesis on vascular catheter surfaces. , 1972, The New England journal of medicine.

[163]  P. Pronovost,et al.  Quality Measurement and Clinical Research: a Tale of 2 Cities Improving the Quality of Measurement and Evaluation in Quality Improvement Efforts , 2022 .

[164]  V. Kvetan,et al.  The incidence of infectious complications of central venous catheters at the subclavian, internal jugular, and femoral sites in an intensive care unit population* , 2005, Critical care medicine.

[165]  R. Gunning,et al.  Central venous catheter dressings: a systematic review. , 2003, Journal of advanced nursing.

[166]  P. Lipsett,et al.  Effect of a second-generation venous catheter impregnated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine on central catheter-related infections: a randomized, controlled trial. , 2005, Annals of internal medicine.

[167]  E. Larson,et al.  Effect of intravascular surveillance and education program on rates of nosocomial bloodstream infections. , 1996, Heart & lung : the journal of critical care.

[168]  A. Bolgiani,et al.  Catheter infection risk related to the distance between insertion site and burned area. , 2001, The Journal of burn care & rehabilitation.

[169]  Universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in health-care settings. , 1988, Canada diseases weekly report = Rapport hebdomadaire des maladies au Canada.

[170]  D. Kuter Thrombotic complications of central venous catheters in cancer patients. , 2004, The oncologist.

[171]  S. McAllister,et al.  Comparison of the microbial barrier properties of a needleless and a conventional needle-based intravenous access system. , 1998, American journal of infection control.

[172]  K. Henrickson,et al.  A Vancomycin-Heparin Lock Solution for Prevention of Nosocomial Bloodstream Infection in Critically Ill Neonates With Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheters: A Prospective, Randomized Trial , 2005, Pediatrics.

[173]  C. Hershey,et al.  The i.v. therapy team: impact on patient care and costs of hospitalization. , 1985, NITA.

[174]  W. Steffee,et al.  Microbial growth comparisons of five commercial parenteral lipid emulsions. , 1984, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[175]  R. T. Plott,et al.  Iatrogenic contamination of multidose vials in simulated use. A reassessment of current patient injection technique. , 1990, Archives of dermatology.

[176]  R Consunji,et al.  Increased resource use associated with catheter-related bloodstream infection in the surgical intensive care unit. , 2001, Archives of surgery.

[177]  K. Henrickson,et al.  Prevention of bacteremia attributed to luminal colonization of tunneled central venous catheters with vancomycin-susceptible organisms. , 1990, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[178]  M. Serra-Prat,et al.  Efficacy of three different valve systems of needle-free closed connectors in avoiding access of microorganisms to endovascular catheters after incorrect handling* , 2008, Critical care medicine.

[179]  W. Rusho,et al.  Effect of filtration on complications of postoperative intravenous therapy. , 1979, American journal of hospital pharmacy.

[180]  S. Solomon,et al.  Nosocomial fungemia in neonates associated with intravascular pressure‐monitoring devices , 1986, Pediatric infectious disease.

[181]  C. Baker,et al.  Factors associated with umbilical catheter-related sepsis in neonates. , 1991, American journal of diseases of children.

[182]  A. Girbes,et al.  Preventing Central Venous Catheter-Related Infection in a Surgical Intensive-Care Unit , 1999, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[183]  Bala Hota,et al.  Prevention of Bloodstream Infections by Use of Daily Chlorhexidine Baths for Patients at a Long-Term Acute Care Hospital , 2009, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[184]  B. Mizock,et al.  Nutritional support of the hospitalized patient. , 1997, Disease-a-month : DM.

[185]  K. C. Anderson,et al.  Strategies for the avoidance of bacterial contamination of blood components , 1993, Transfusion.

[186]  M. Pearson Guideline for prevention of intravascular device-related infections. Part I. Intravascular device-related infections : an overview. The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee , 1996 .

[187]  C. E. Rice,et al.  Initiating a pediatric peripherally inserted central catheter and midline catheter program. , 1994, Journal of intravenous nursing : the official publication of the Intravenous Nurses Society.

[188]  T. Stevens,et al.  Vancomycin usage in central venous catheters in a neonatal intensive care unit , 2004, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

[189]  M. Ranson,et al.  Double-blind placebo controlled study of vancomycin prophylaxis for central venous catheter insertion in cancer patients. , 1990, The Journal of hospital infection.

[190]  National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, Data Summary from January 1992-June 2001, issued August 2001. , 2001, American journal of infection control.

[191]  T. Clemmer,et al.  The risk of infection related to radial vs femoral sites for arterial catheterization , 1983, Critical care medicine.

[192]  D. Snydman,et al.  The changing face of candidemia: emergence of non-Candida albicans species and antifungal resistance. , 1996, The American journal of medicine.

[193]  N. Freemantle,et al.  Impact of formal continuing medical education: do conferences, workshops, rounds, and other traditional continuing education activities change physician behavior or health care outcomes? , 1999, JAMA.

[194]  S. Ford,et al.  Allergy to chlorhexidine-coated central venous catheters revisited. , 2002, British journal of anaesthesia.

[195]  D. Nelson,et al.  Infectious complications during peripheral intravenous therapy with Teflon catheters: a prospective study. , 1987, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

[196]  D. Cook,et al.  Benefit of heparin in central venous and pulmonary artery catheters: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. , 1998, Chest.

[197]  E Simchen,et al.  An epidemiologic study of the risks associated with peripheral intravenous catheters. , 1983, American journal of epidemiology.

[198]  E. Wong,et al.  A Multicenter Intervention to Prevent Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infections , 2006, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[199]  M. Fey,et al.  Use of triple-lumen subclavian catheters for administration of total parenteral nutrition. , 1993, JPEN - Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.

[200]  L. Mermel,et al.  Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infections. , 2001, Infection control and hospital epidemiology.

[201]  S. Bonawitz,et al.  Prevention of central venous catheter sepsis: a prospective randomized trial. , 1991, The American surgeon.

[202]  R. Hill,et al.  Mupirocin for the reduction of colonization of internal jugular cannulae--a randomized controlled trial. , 1990, The Journal of hospital infection.

[203]  M. Ghannoum,et al.  Biofilm-Related Indwelling Medical Device Infections , 2005 .

[204]  M. Soulen,et al.  Sutureless securement device reduces complications of peripherally inserted central venous catheters. , 2002, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[205]  C. Hollenbeak,et al.  Attributable cost of catheter-associated bloodstream infections among intensive care patients in a nonteaching hospital* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[206]  S. A. East Planning, implementation, and evaluation of a successful hospital-based peripherally inserted central catheter program. , 1994, Journal of intravenous nursing : the official publication of the Intravenous Nurses Society.

[207]  M. Mcdermott,et al.  A Randomized Trial Comparing Long-term and Short-term Use of Umbilical Venous Catheters in Premature Infants With Birth Weights of Less Than 1251 Grams , 2006, Pediatrics.

[208]  L. Mermel,et al.  Infectious complications of Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheters. Pathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention, and management. , 1994, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[209]  M. Ringer,et al.  An attachable silver-impregnated cuff for prevention of infection with central venous catheters: a prospective randomized multicenter trial. , 1988, The American journal of medicine.

[210]  Roger L. Anderson,et al.  Epidemic bacteremia due to Acinetobacter baumannii in five intensive care units. , 1990, American journal of epidemiology.

[211]  A. Nehme Nutritional support of the hospitalized patient. The team concept. , 1980, JAMA.

[212]  S. Gallagher,et al.  Microbial growth patterns in a total parenteral nutrition formulation containing lipid emulsion. , 1986, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[213]  T. Elliott,et al.  The potential for catheter microbial contamination from a needleless connector. , 1997, The Journal of hospital infection.

[214]  L. Lorente,et al.  Arterial catheter-related infection of 2,949 catheters , 2006, Critical care.

[215]  M. Wilcox,et al.  Effect of extended perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis on intravascular catheter colonization and infection in cardiothoracic surgery patients. , 2003, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[216]  I. Fong Prevention of haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis catheter related infection by topical povidone-iodine. , 1993, Postgraduate medical journal.

[217]  J. Hamasaki,et al.  Anaphylactic shock induced by an antiseptic-coated central venous [correction of nervous] catheter. , 1997, Anesthesiology.

[218]  L. Mermel,et al.  Prevention of Central Venous Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection by Use of an Antiseptic-Impregnated Catheter , 1997, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[219]  M. Madeo,et al.  A randomized trial comparing Arglaes (a transparent dressing containing silver ions) to Tegaderm (a transparent polyurethane dressing) for dressing peripheral arterial catheters and central vascular catheters. , 1998, Intensive & critical care nursing.

[220]  S. Solomon,et al.  Candida parapsilosis fungemia associated with parenteral nutrition and contaminated blood pressure transducers , 1987, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[221]  S. Coffin,et al.  Observational Trial of Antibiotic-Coated Central Venous Catheters in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients , 2007, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

[222]  G. Peters,et al.  Microbial colonization of prosthetic devices. I. Microtopographical characteristics of intravenous catheters as detected by scanning electron microscopy. , 1981, Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Originale B, Hygiene.

[223]  A G Randolph,et al.  Ultrasound guidance for placement of central venous catheters: a meta-analysis of the literature. , 1996, Critical care medicine.

[224]  Jonathan R Edwards,et al.  Effect of Nurse Staffing and Antimicrobial-Impregnated Central Venous Catheters on the Risk for Bloodstream Infections in Intensive Care Units , 2003, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[225]  M. Avison,et al.  Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , 2001 .

[226]  T. Horan,et al.  Definitions of key terms used in the NNIS System. , 1997, American journal of infection control.

[227]  G. Bodey,et al.  Prevention of Central Venous Catheter-Related Infections by Using Maximal Sterile Barrier Precautions During Insertion , 1994, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[228]  P. Ljungman,et al.  Peroperative teicoplanin for prevention of gram-positive infections in neutropenic patients with indwelling central venous catheters: a randomized, controlled study , 1997, Supportive Care in Cancer.

[229]  J. Rello,et al.  Evaluation of outcome of intravenous catheter-related infections in critically ill patients. , 2000, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[230]  W. Dunne,et al.  Peripheral intravenous catheter complications in critically ill children: a prospective study. , 1992, Pediatrics.

[231]  S. Saint,et al.  Which antimicrobial impregnated central venous catheter should we use? Modeling the costs and outcomes of antimicrobial catheter use. , 2003, American journal of infection control.

[232]  R. Wenzel The development of academic programs for quality assessment. , 1991, Archives of internal medicine.

[233]  P. François,et al.  Clumping factor B (ClfB), a new surface‐located fibrinogen‐binding adhesin of Staphylococcus aureus , 1998, Molecular microbiology.

[234]  P. Collignon Intravascular catheter associated sepsis: a common problem. The Australian Study on Intravascular Catheter Associated Sepsis. , 1994, The Medical journal of Australia.

[235]  V. Yu,et al.  Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and infection in patients on hemodialysis. Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis. , 1986, The New England journal of medicine.

[236]  A. Vicca Nursing staff workload as a determinant of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus spread in an adult intensive therapy unit. , 1999, The Journal of hospital infection.

[237]  Marlene R. Miller,et al.  Reduction of catheter-associated bloodstream infections in pediatric patients: Experimentation and reality* , 2008, Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies.

[238]  J. Myers,et al.  Peripherally inserted central catheters. Development of a hospital-based program. , 1990, Journal of intravenous nursing : the official publication of the Intravenous Nurses Society.

[239]  K. Kudsk,et al.  Effect of frequent guidewire changes on triple-lumen catheter sepsis. , 1988, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[240]  C. Norden Application of antibiotic ointment to the site of venous catheterization--a controlled trial. , 1969, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[241]  J. Marshall,et al.  Prospective randomized trial of 10% povidone-iodine versus 0.5% tincture of chlorhexidine as cutaneous antisepsis for prevention of central venous catheter infection. , 2000, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[242]  B. Rooney,et al.  Subclavian Hemodialysis Catheter Infections: A Prospective, Randomized Trial of an Attachable Silver-impregnated Cuff for Prevention of Catheter-related Infections , 1995, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[243]  Matthew S. Johnson,et al.  Tunneled infusion catheters: increased incidence of symptomatic venous thrombosis after subclavian versus internal jugular venous access. , 2000, Radiology.

[244]  Dan M. Kluger,et al.  A Review of Risk Factors for Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection Caused by Percutaneously Inserted, Noncuffed Central Venous Catheters: Implications for Preventive Strategies , 2002, Medicine.

[245]  R. Gaynes,et al.  Antimicrobial resistance in intensive care units. , 1999, Clinics in chest medicine.

[246]  H. Nemoto,et al.  To reduce catheter-related bloodstream infections: Is the subclavian route better than the jugular route for central venous catheterization? , 2006, Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy.

[247]  Margaret A Dudeck,et al.  CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. , 2008, American journal of infection control.

[248]  E. Moretti,et al.  Impact of central venous catheter type and methods on catheter-related colonization and bacteraemia. , 2005, The Journal of hospital infection.

[249]  Marin H Kollef,et al.  The effect of an education program on the incidence of central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infection in a medical ICU. , 2004, Chest.

[250]  G. Peters,et al.  Pathogenesis of infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci. , 2002, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[251]  R. D. McCormick,et al.  The pathogenesis and epidemiology of catheter-related infection with pulmonary artery Swan-Ganz catheters: a prospective study utilizing molecular subtyping. , 1991, The American journal of medicine.

[252]  G. Collin Decreasing catheter colonization through the use of an antiseptic-impregnated catheter: a continuous quality improvement project. , 1999, Chest.

[253]  A. Lorenzen,et al.  Surveillance of infection in home care. , 1992, American journal of infection control.

[254]  M. Davies,et al.  Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce morbidity and mortality in neonates with umbilical artery catheters. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[255]  R. Wenzel,et al.  Handwashing compliance by health care workers: The impact of introducing an accessible, alcohol-based hand antiseptic. , 2000, Archives of internal medicine.

[256]  M. Kannan,et al.  Contamination of umbilical catheters in the newborn infant. , 1970, The Journal of pediatrics.

[257]  S. Dohi,et al.  Severe anaphylactic reaction due to a chlorhexidine-impregnated central venous catheter. , 1998, Anesthesiology.

[258]  Third Nkf-K Doqi III. NKF-K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Vascular Access: update 2000. , 2001, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[259]  R. D. McCormick,et al.  Effect of education and performance feedback on handwashing: the benefit of administrative support in Argentinean hospitals. , 2003, American journal of infection control.

[260]  M. Fletcher,et al.  Umbilical Venous Catheterizations: Audit by the Study Group for Complications of Perinatal Care , 1994, American journal of perinatology.

[261]  S. Saint,et al.  Use of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection prevention practices by US hospitals. , 2007, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[262]  A. Easom Prophylactic antibiotic lock therapy for hemodialysis catheters. , 2000, Nephrology nursing journal : journal of the American Nephrology Nurses' Association.

[263]  L. Herwaldt,et al.  Nasal mupirocin ointment decreases the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemias in haemodialysis patients. , 1993, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[264]  Joan Webster,et al.  Routine care of peripheral intravenous catheters versus clinically indicated replacement: randomised controlled trial , 2008, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[265]  E. Brown,et al.  Subclavian stenosis: a major complication of subclavian dialysis catheters. , 1988, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[266]  Michelle L Hawes,et al.  A Proactive Approach to Combating Venous Depletion in the Hospital Setting , 2007, Journal of infusion nursing : the official publication of the Infusion Nurses Society.

[267]  M. Wallen,et al.  Optimal timing for intravenous administration set replacement. , 2005, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[268]  M. Allon Prophylaxis against dialysis catheter-related bacteremia with a novel antimicrobial lock solution. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[269]  J. Costerton,et al.  Role of catheter colonization and infrequent hematogenous seeding in catheter-related infections , 1995, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[270]  F. Burczynski,et al.  Antibiotic‐Heparin Lock: In Vitro Antibiotic Stability Combined with Heparin in a Central Venous Catheter , 2000, Pharmacotherapy.

[271]  J. C. Anderson,et al.  Prevention of umbilical artery catheter clots with heparinized infusates. , 1981, Developmental pharmacology and therapeutics.

[272]  B. Walder,et al.  Complications of central venous catheters: Internal jugular versus subclavian access—A systematic review , 2002, Critical care medicine.

[273]  Denilson Barbosa,et al.  Staphylococcus aureus prophylaxis in hemodialysis patients using central venous catheter: effect of mupirocin ointment. , 1998, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[274]  G. Gilli,et al.  Effect of different sterile barrier precautions and central venous catheter dressing on the skin colonization around the insertion site. , 2005, Minerva anestesiologica.

[275]  M. Hsairi,et al.  Randomized trial of prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection by continuous infusion of low-dose unfractionated heparin in patients with hematologic and oncologic disease. , 2005, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[276]  A. Sitges-Serra,et al.  Pathogenesis of catheter sepsis: a prospective study with quantitative and semiquantitative cultures of catheter hub and segments , 1985, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[277]  R. Leclercq,et al.  Alcoholic povidone-iodine to prevent central venous catheter colonization: A randomized unit-crossover study* , 2004, Critical care medicine.

[278]  J. Holley,et al.  Use of a silicone dual-lumen catheter with a Dacron cuff as a long-term vascular access for hemodialysis patients. , 1990, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[279]  M. Wilcox,et al.  DNA fingerprinting analysis of coagulase negative staphylococci implicated in catheter related bloodstream infections , 2002, Journal of clinical pathology.

[280]  M. Ringer,et al.  Risk factors for infusion-related phlebitis with small peripheral venous catheters. A randomized controlled trial. , 1991, Annals of internal medicine.

[281]  M. Casewell The nose: an underestimated source of Staphylococcus aureus causing wound infection. , 1998, The Journal of hospital infection.

[282]  I. Raad,et al.  Minocycline-ethylenediaminetetraacetate lock solution for the prevention of implantable port infections in children with cancer. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[283]  L. Grohskopf,et al.  Serratia liquefaciens bloodstream infections from contamination of epoetin alfa at a hemodialysis center. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[284]  D. Maki,et al.  Disinfection of Needleless Catheter Connectors and Access Ports With Alcohol May Not Prevent Microbial Entry: The Promise of a Novel Antiseptic-Barrier Cap , 2006, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[285]  D. Caldiroli,et al.  Safety and efficacy of ultrasound assistance during internal jugular vein cannulation in neurosurgical infants , 2008, Intensive Care Medicine.

[286]  C. Crane Venous interruption for septic thrombophlebitis. , 1960, The New England journal of medicine.

[287]  D. Kovacevich,et al.  Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. , 2003, Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.

[288]  L. Priano,et al.  Infection potential of nondisposable pressure transducers prepared prior to use , 1987, Critical care medicine.

[289]  J. Collin,et al.  INFUSION THROMBOPHLEBITIS , 1975, The Lancet.

[290]  P. Gastmeier,et al.  Prevention of central venous catheter related infections with chlorhexidine gluconate impregnated wound dressings: a randomized controlled trial , 2009, Annals of Hematology.

[291]  M. Jadoul,et al.  Preventing haemodialysis catheter-related bacteraemia with an antimicrobial lock solution: a meta-analysis of prospective randomized trials. , 2008, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[292]  G. Peters,et al.  Microbial colonization of prosthetic devices. IV. Scanning electron microscopy of intravenous catheters invaded by yeasts. , 1981, Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Originale B, Hygiene.

[293]  E. Larson,et al.  APIC guideline for handwashing and hand antisepsis in health care settings. , 1995, American journal of infection control.

[294]  Jeanne E. Zack,et al.  The impact of bedside behavior on catheter-related bacteremia in the intensive care unit. , 2004, Archives of surgery.

[295]  CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988. , 1989, The American review of respiratory disease.

[296]  B. Farr,et al.  Risk factors for infection of adult patients with cancer who have tunnelled central venous catheters , 1995, Cancer.

[297]  L. Saiman,et al.  Risk factors for Candida species colonization of neonatal intensive care unit patients. , 2001, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

[298]  G. Bodey,et al.  The duration of placement as a predictor of peripheral and pulmonary arterial catheter infections. , 1993, The Journal of hospital infection.

[299]  D. Maki,et al.  Infection control in intravenous therapy. , 1973, Annals of internal medicine.

[300]  R. Siegel,et al.  Catheter-related sepsis: prospective, randomized study of three methods of long-term catheter maintenance. , 1990, Critical care medicine.

[301]  I. Harwood,et al.  New peripherally inserted midline catheter: A better alternative for intravenous antibiotic therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis , 1992, Pediatric pulmonology.

[302]  K. K. Lai Safety of prolonging peripheral cannula and i.v. tubing use from 72 hours to 96 hours. , 1998, American journal of infection control.

[303]  S. Saint,et al.  Cost-effectiveness of antiseptic-impregnated central venous catheters for the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection. , 1999, JAMA.

[304]  J. Lemons,et al.  Bacterial/fungal growth in a combined parenteral nutrition solution. , 1986, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[305]  J. Bourgain,et al.  Mechanisms and risk factors for infection of pulmonary artery catheters and introducer sheaths in cancer patients admitted to an intensive care unit. , 2001, The Journal of hospital infection.

[306]  N. Clark,et al.  Epidemic of Serratia marcescens bacteremia in a cardiac intensive care unit , 1989, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[307]  G. O’Toole,et al.  Catheter lock solutions influence staphylococcal biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. , 2006, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[308]  E. Greenberg,et al.  Chelator-Induced Dispersal and Killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cells in a Biofilm , 2006, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[309]  R. Sheridan,et al.  Mechanical and Infectious Complications of Central Venous Cannulation in Children: Lessons Learned From a 10-Year Experience Placing More Than 1000 Catheters , 2006, Journal of burn care & research : official publication of the American Burn Association.

[310]  P. Pronovost,et al.  An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[311]  J. Miller,et al.  Biofilm Formation by Gram-Negative Bacteria on Central Venous Catheter Connectors: Effect of Conditioning Films in a Laboratory Model , 2001, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[312]  Gina Pugliese,et al.  Nasal Carriage as a Source of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia , 2001, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[313]  A. Buu-Hoï,et al.  Colonization and infection of pulmonary artery catheter in cardiac surgery patients: Epidemiology and multivariate analysis of risk factors , 2001, Critical care medicine.

[314]  A. Levin,et al.  Prevention of hemodialysis subclavian vein catheter infections by topical povidone-iodine. , 1991, Kidney international.

[315]  T. Green,et al.  Percutaneous femoral venous catheterizations: A prospective study of complications , 1989 .

[316]  L. Leibovici,et al.  Antimicrobial lock solutions for the prevention of infections associated with intravascular catheters in patients undergoing hemodialysis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. , 2008, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[317]  R. Donlan Role of Biofilms in Antimicrobial Resistance , 2000, ASAIO journal.

[318]  Jonathan R Edwards,et al.  Overview of nosocomial infections caused by gram-negative bacilli. , 2005, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[319]  V. Yu,et al.  Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in hemodialysis patients. Its role in infection and approaches to prophylaxis. , 1989, Archives of internal medicine.

[320]  K. J. Schwenzer,et al.  A controlled trial of scheduled replacement of central venous and pulmonary-artery catheters. , 1992 .

[321]  Didier Pittet,et al.  Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HIPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. , 2002, American journal of infection control.

[322]  F. Lederle,et al.  The Idle Intravenous Catheter , 1992, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[323]  S. Hugonnet,et al.  Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene , 2000, The Lancet.

[324]  D. Oreopoulos,et al.  Unusual Complications of a Polyurethane Pd Catheter , 1997, Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis.

[325]  Martina niChonghaile Complications of Femoral and Subclavian Venous Catheterization in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2002 .

[326]  M. E. Arrington,et al.  Multidose vial contamination in anesthesia. , 1990, AANA journal.

[327]  P. Kearns Infectious morbidity associated with long-term use of venous access devices in patients with cancer. , 1994, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[328]  Dionne A. Graham,et al.  Systematic Intervention to Reduce Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infection Rates in a Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit , 2008, Pediatrics.

[329]  National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System report, data summary from October 1986-April 1998, issued June 1998. , 1998, American journal of infection control.

[330]  A. Casey,et al.  A prospective clinical trial to evaluate the microbial barrier of a needleless connector. , 2007, The Journal of hospital infection.

[331]  S. Macdonald,et al.  Comparison of technical success and outcome of tunneled catheters inserted via the jugular and subclavian approaches. , 2000, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[332]  J. Coberly,et al.  Multiple-Dose Vials: Persistence of Bacterial Contaminants and Infection Control Implications , 1985, Infection Control.

[333]  R. Wenzel,et al.  Serratia marcescens bacteremia from contaminated pressure transducers. , 1979, JAMA.

[334]  D. Maki,et al.  Preventing central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections: development of an antiseptic barrier cap for needleless connectors. , 2008, American journal of infection control.

[335]  O. Larm,et al.  Surface heparinization of central venous catheters reduces microbial colonization in vitro and in vivo: results from a prospective, randomized trial. , 1996, Critical care medicine.

[336]  M. Ryder,et al.  Peripheral access options. , 1995, Surgical oncology clinics of North America.

[337]  J M Hughes,et al.  CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988. , 1988, American journal of infection control.

[338]  J. Timsit,et al.  Central vein catheter-related thrombosis in intensive care patients: incidence, risks factors, and relationship with catheter-related sepsis. , 1998, Chest.

[339]  D. Maki,et al.  Steel needles used for intravenous therapy. Morbidity in patients with hematologic malignancy. , 1980, Archives of internal medicine.

[340]  David W. Johnson,et al.  A randomized controlled trial of topical exit site mupirocin application in patients with tunnelled, cuffed haemodialysis catheters. , 2002, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[341]  V. Rosenthal,et al.  The effect of process control on the incidence of central venous catheter–associated bloodstream infections and mortality in intensive care units in Mexico* , 2005, Critical care medicine.

[342]  J. Yee,et al.  Comparison of low-dose gentamicin with minocycline as catheter lock solutions in the prevention of catheter-related bacteremia. , 2006, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[343]  L. Mermel,et al.  Surface antimicrobial activity of heparin-bonded and antiseptic-impregnated vascular catheters. , 1993, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[344]  M. Adham,et al.  Nosocomial infections in the intensive care units at a university hospital in a developing country: comparison with National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance intensive care unit rates. , 1999, American journal of infection control.

[345]  D. Maki,et al.  Defatting catheter insertion sites in total parenteral nutrition is of no value as an infection control measure. Controlled clinical trial. , 1987, The American journal of medicine.

[346]  S. Macqueen,et al.  A fall in bloodstream infections followed a change to 2% chlorhexidine in 70% isopropanol for catheter connection antisepsis: a pediatric single center before/after study on a hemopoietic stem cell transplant ward. , 2009, American journal of infection control.

[347]  H. Stettner,et al.  Comparison of Catheter-related Infection and Tip Colonization between Internal Jugular and Subclavian Central Venous Catheters in Surgical Neonates , 2007, Anesthesiology.

[348]  A. Buzaid,et al.  Minocycline and ethylenediaminetetraacetate for the prevention of recurrent vascular catheter infections. , 1997, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[349]  D. Richardson,et al.  Intravenous lipid emulsions are the major determinant of coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia in very low birth weight newborns. , 1998, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

[350]  J. Boyce,et al.  Skin Irritation and Dryness Associated With Two Hand-Hygiene Regimens: Soap-and-Water Hand Washing Versus Hand Antisepsis With an Alcoholic Hand Gel , 2000, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[351]  M. Hsairi,et al.  Use of heparin-coated central venous lines to prevent catheter-related bloodstream infection. , 2007, The journal of supportive oncology.

[352]  J. Klein,et al.  Prevention of central venous catheter-related infections and thrombotic events in immunocompromised children by the use of vancomycin/ciprofloxacin/heparin flush solution: A randomized, multicenter, double-blind trial. , 2000, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[353]  D. Maki,et al.  The pathogenesis of catheter-related bloodstream infection with noncuffed short-term central venous catheters , 2004, Intensive Care Medicine.

[354]  J. Bion,et al.  Central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections: improving post-insertion catheter care. , 2009, The Journal of hospital infection.

[355]  D. Maki,et al.  Prospective study of replacing administration sets for intravenous therapy at 48- vs 72-hour intervals. 72 hours is safe and cost-effective. , 1987, JAMA.

[356]  T. Saad Bacteremia associated with tunneled, cuffed hemodialysis catheters. , 1999, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[357]  D. Maki,et al.  Total nutrient admixtures appear safer than lipid emulsion alone as regards microbial contamination: growth properties of microbial pathogens at room temperature. , 1998, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[358]  M. LaQuaglia,et al.  A Prospective, Randomized Evaluation of the Effect of Silver Impregnated Subcutaneous Cuffs for Preventing Tunneled Chronic Venous Access Catheter Infections in Cancer Patients , 1993, Annals of surgery.

[359]  B. Eisenberg,et al.  Comparison of infections in hickman and implanted port catheters in adult solid tumor patients , 1992, Journal of surgical oncology.

[360]  M. Blajchman Reducing the risk of bacterial contamination of cellular blood components. , 2000, Developments in biologicals.

[361]  B. Farr,et al.  Central Venous Catheter Practices: Results of a Survey , 1995 .

[362]  P. Jewesson,et al.  An Infusion Program Resource Nurse Consult Service: Our Experience in a Major Canadian Teaching Hospital , 2002, Journal of infusion nursing : the official publication of the Infusion Nurses Society.

[363]  D. Goldmann,et al.  A randomized trial comparing povidone-iodine to a chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated dressing for prevention of central venous catheter infections in neonates. , 2001, Pediatrics.

[364]  M. Serra-Prat,et al.  Prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection in critically ill patients using a disinfectable, needle-free connector: a randomized controlled trial. , 2004, American journal of infection control.

[365]  R. Stillman,et al.  Etiology of catheter-associated sepsis. Correlation with thrombogenicity. , 1977, Archives of surgery.

[366]  S. Fridkin,et al.  The Role of Understaffing in Central Venous Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infection , 1996, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[367]  R. Wenzel,et al.  The clinical impact of culturing central venous catheters. A prospective study. , 1992, Archives of internal medicine.

[368]  C. Chidiac,et al.  Nosocomial infections associated with long-term radial artery cannulation , 2004, Intensive Care Medicine.

[369]  Jesse B. Hall,et al.  A randomized, controlled trial evaluating postinsertion neck ultrasound in peripherally inserted central catheter procedures , 2009, Critical care medicine.

[370]  Johan Decruyenaere,et al.  Clinical and economic outcomes in critically ill patients with nosocomial catheter-related bloodstream infections. , 2005, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[371]  A. Al-Hwiesh,et al.  Successful prevention of tunneled, central catheter infection by antibiotic lock therapy using vancomycin and gentamycin. , 2007, Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia.

[372]  J. Levy,et al.  Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, a prothrombotic disease. , 2007, Hematology/oncology clinics of North America.

[373]  J. Lacroix,et al.  Arterial Catheter—Related Infections in Children A 1-Year Cohort Analysis: A 1-Year Cohort Analysis , 1991 .

[374]  R N Jones,et al.  National surveillance of nosocomial blood stream infection due to Candida albicans: frequency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibility in the SCOPE Program. , 1998, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[375]  F. Gudiol,et al.  Bloodstream infection related to catheter connections: a prospective trial of two connection systems. , 2007, The Journal of hospital infection.

[376]  Jeanne E. Zack,et al.  Effect of an education program on decreasing catheter-related bloodstream infections in the surgical intensive care unit , 2002, Critical care medicine.

[377]  H. Isenberg,et al.  Genotypic variation and slime production among blood and catheter isolates of Candida parapsilosis , 1994, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[378]  E. Jaurrieta,et al.  A randomized trial on the effect of tubing changes on hub contamination and catheter sepsis during parenteral nutrition. , 1985, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[379]  W. Dunne,et al.  The Effects of Magnesium, Calcium, EDTA, and pH on the In Vitro Adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis to Plastic , 1992, Microbiology and immunology.

[380]  X. Viviand,et al.  Upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis after central venous catheterization via the axillary vein. , 1999, Critical care medicine.

[381]  R. D'Agostino,et al.  Prolonged Antimicrobial Activity of a Catheter Containing Chlorhexidine-Silver Sulfadiazine Extends Protection against Catheter Infections In Vivo , 2001, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[382]  R. Albrecht,et al.  Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to surface-bound platelets: role of fibrinogen/fibrin and platelet integrins. , 1993, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[383]  E. Eren,et al.  Four cases of anaphylaxis to chlorhexidine impregnated central venous catheters: a case cluster or the tip of the iceberg? , 2009, British journal of anaesthesia.

[384]  M. McGrail,et al.  Routine Replacement versus Clinical Monitoring of Peripheral Intravenous Catheters in a Regional Hospital in the Home Program A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2009, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[385]  S. Tambe,et al.  In vitro evaluation of the risk of developing bacterial resistance to antiseptics and antibiotics used in medical devices. , 2001, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[386]  M. Wagener,et al.  Complications related to intravenous midline catheter usage. A 2-year study. , 1998, Journal of intravenous nursing : the official publication of the Intravenous Nurses Society.

[387]  S. Yoo,et al.  Effectiveness of Surveillance of Central Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection in an ICU in Korea , 2001, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[388]  L. Mermel,et al.  A prospective, randomized trial of gauze and two polyurethane dressings for site care of pulmonary artery catheters: Implications for catheter management , 1994, Critical care medicine.

[389]  M. Betjes,et al.  Prevention of dialysis catheter-related sepsis with a citrate-taurolidine-containing lock solution. , 2004, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[390]  R A Weinstein,et al.  Prevention of peripheral venous catheter complications with an intravenous therapy team: a randomized controlled trial. , 1998, Archives of internal medicine.

[391]  K. Arheart,et al.  The role of handwashing in prevention of endemic intensive care unit infections. , 1990, Infection control and hospital epidemiology.

[392]  T. Recio,et al.  Evaluation of a triple-lumen central venous heparin-coated catheter versus a catheter coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine in critically ill patients , 2004, Intensive Care Medicine.

[393]  National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system report, data summary from January 1992-April 2000, issued June 2000. , 2000, American journal of infection control.

[394]  S. McAllister,et al.  Microbiologic evaluation of needleless and needle-access devices. , 1997, American journal of infection control.

[395]  S. Schwab,et al.  Treatment of infected tunneled venous access hemodialysis catheters with guidewire exchange. , 1998, Kidney international.

[396]  C. Alvarado,et al.  Prospective randomised trial of povidone-iodine, alcohol, and chlorhexidine for prevention of infection associated with central venous and arterial catheters , 1991, The Lancet.

[397]  M. Pham,et al.  Bloodstream infection associated with needleless device use and the importance of infection-control practices in the home health care setting. , 1999, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[398]  D. Richmand,et al.  Incidence of deep venous thrombosis associated with femoral venous catheterization. , 1997, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[399]  H. Goldschmidt,et al.  Chlorhexidine and silver-sulfadiazine coated central venous catheters in haematological patients—a double-blind, randomised, prospective, controlled trial , 2005, Supportive Care in Cancer.

[400]  M. Arduino,et al.  Transfusion‐related sepsis due to Serratia liquefaciens in the United States , 2000, Transfusion.

[401]  A. Widmer Management of catheter-related bacteremia and fungemia in patients on total parenteral nutrition. , 1997, Nutrition.

[402]  Z. Samra,et al.  Chlorhexidine-Impregnated Dressing for Prevention of Colonization of Central Venous Catheters in Infants and Children: A Randomized Controlled Study , 2005, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

[403]  P. Vial,et al.  Efficacy of a vancomycin solution to prevent bacteremia associated with an indwelling central venous catheter in neutropenic and non-neutropenic cancer patients. , 1997, Medical and pediatric oncology.

[404]  D. Snydman,et al.  Total parenteral nutrition-related infections. Prospective epidemiologic study using semiquantitative methods. , 1982, The American journal of medicine.

[405]  D. Maki,et al.  A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection. , 1977, The New England journal of medicine.

[406]  R. Gaynes,et al.  Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Units in the United States , 1999, Pediatrics.

[407]  M. Cupa,et al.  The "hands-off" catheter and the prevention of systemic infections associated with pulmonary artery catheter: a prospective study. , 1998, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[408]  D. Cook,et al.  Anticoagulation for thrombosis prophylaxis in cancer patients with central venous catheters. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[409]  R. Gaynes,et al.  Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection. , 1991, The American journal of medicine.

[410]  G. Peters,et al.  EFFECT OF EXTRACELLULAR SLIME SUBSTANCE FROM STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS ON THE HUMAN CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE , 1984, The Lancet.

[411]  T. Elliott,et al.  A prospective clinical study to investigate the microbial contamination of a needleless connector , 2000 .

[412]  D. Richardson,et al.  Infusion therapy team and dressing changes of central venous catheters. , 1999, Infection control and hospital epidemiology.

[413]  Azriel Perel,et al.  Clinical review: Complications and risk factors of peripheral arterial catheters used for haemodynamic monitoring in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine , 2002, Critical care.

[414]  A. Bhutta,et al.  Reduction of bloodstream infections associated with catheters in paediatric intensive care unit: stepwise approach , 2007, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[415]  L. Edwards,et al.  Risk of local and systemic infections associated with umbilical vein catheterization: a prospective study in 86 newborn patients. , 1971, Pediatrics.

[416]  M. White Infections and Infection Risks in Home Care Settings , 1992, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[417]  M. Alter,et al.  National Surveillance of Dialysis‐Associated Diseases in the United States, 1997 , 2000, Seminars in dialysis.

[418]  Kelly D Peterson,et al.  National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) report: data summary for 2006 through 2008, issued December 2009. , 2008, American journal of infection control.

[419]  L. Mermel Intravascular catheters impregnated with benzalkonium chloride. , 1993, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[420]  R. Scalley,et al.  The impact of an i.v. team on the occurrence of intravenous-related phlebitis. A 30-month study. , 1992, Journal of intravenous nursing : the official publication of the Intravenous Nurses Society.

[421]  KyungMann Kim,et al.  Central venous device‐related infection and thrombosis in patients treated with moderate dose continuous‐infusion interleukin‐2 , 2001, Cancer.

[422]  R. Donlan,et al.  Biofilms: Microbial Life on Surfaces , 2002, Emerging infectious diseases.

[423]  S. Saint,et al.  Vascular catheter site care: the clinical and economic benefits of chlorhexidine gluconate compared with povidone iodine. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[424]  C. A. Pierce,et al.  A Nursing Process Model: Quantifying Infusion Therapy Resource Consumption , 2004, Journal of infusion nursing : the official publication of the Infusion Nurses Society.

[425]  F Gouin,et al.  Long-term arterial cannulation in ICU patients using the radial artery or dorsalis pedis artery. , 2001, Chest.

[426]  Gabriela Csipak,et al.  Central venous catheter colonization and catheter-related bloodstream infections in critically ill patients: a comparison between standard and silver-integrated catheters , 2009, European journal of anaesthesiology.

[427]  Peter J Pronovost,et al.  Eliminating catheter-related bloodstream infections in the intensive care unit* , 2004, Critical care medicine.

[428]  A. Wade,et al.  Heparin-bonded central venous lines reduce thrombotic and infective complications in critically ill children , 2000, Intensive Care Medicine.

[429]  M. Żywicki Monitoring hospital-acquired infections to promote patient safety--United States, 1990-1999. , 2000, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[430]  R. Shlansky-Goldberg,et al.  Replacement of failing tunneled hemodialysis catheters through pre-existing subcutaneous tunnels: a comparison of catheter function and infection rates for de novo placements and over-the-wire exchanges. , 1998, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[431]  P. Deluca,et al.  Effect of inline filtration on the potency of low-dose drugs. , 1980, American journal of hospital pharmacy.

[432]  W. Jarvis Preventing spread of vancomycin resistance , 1994, The Lancet.

[433]  A. Shorr,et al.  New choices for central venous catheters: potential financial implications. , 2003, Chest.

[434]  D. Goldmann,et al.  Complications of intravenous therapy with steel needles and Teflon catheters. A comparative study. , 1981, The American journal of medicine.

[435]  D. Warren,et al.  Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infections in General Medical Patients Outside the Intensive Care Unit: A Surveillance Study , 2007, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[436]  L. Wise,et al.  Effectiveness of a central line bundle campaign on line-associated infections in the intensive care unit. , 2008, Surgery.

[437]  M. Pavesi,et al.  Impact of oligon central venous catheters on catheter colonization and catheter-related bloodstream infection , 2003, Critical care medicine.

[438]  Margaret A Dudeck,et al.  National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) report, data summary for 2012, Device-associated module. , 2013, American journal of infection control.

[439]  C. Gomersall,et al.  Deep venous thrombosis caused by femoral venous catheters in critically ill adult patients. , 2000, Chest.

[440]  D. Brunelle Impact of a Dedicated Infusion Therapy Team on the Reduction of Catheter-related Nosocomial Infections , 2003, Journal of infusion nursing : the official publication of the Infusion Nurses Society.

[441]  J. L. Iribarren,et al.  The micro-organism responsible for central venous catheter related bloodstream infection depends on catheter site , 2006, Intensive Care Medicine.

[442]  Maddox Rr,et al.  Effect of inline filtration on postinfusion phlebitis. , 1983 .

[443]  H. Frankel,et al.  Use of corporate Six Sigma performance-improvement strategies to reduce incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infections in a surgical ICU. , 2005, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[444]  L. McDonald,et al.  Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Pediatric Intensive-Care–Unit Patients Associated With a Needleless Device and Intermittent Intravenous Therapy , 1998, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[445]  H. Rohde,et al.  Microbial interactions in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms , 2007, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[446]  P. Barie,et al.  Practice parameters for evaluating new fever in critically ill adult patients , 1998, Critical care medicine.

[447]  C. Schorr Chlorhexidine-Impregnated Sponges and Less Frequent Dressing Changes for Prevention of Catheter-Related Infections in Critically Ill Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2010 .

[448]  O. Wenker,et al.  A comparison of two antimicrobial-impregnated central venous catheters. Catheter Study Group. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[449]  L. Sampath,et al.  In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of Catheters Impregnated With Antiseptics or Antibiotics: Evaluation of the Risk of Bacterial Resistance to the Antimicrobials in the Catheters , 2001, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[450]  L. Mermel,et al.  Prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. , 1994, Annals of internal medicine.

[451]  Elie A Akl,et al.  Anticoagulation in patients with cancer: an overview of reviews. , 2008, Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej.

[452]  R. Venezia,et al.  Prevention of gram-positive sepsis in neonates weighing less than 1500 grams. , 1994, The Journal of pediatrics.

[453]  L. Lorente,et al.  Central venous catheter-related infection in a prospective and observational study of 2,595 catheters , 2005, Critical care.

[454]  D. Heaton,et al.  Minidose (1 mg) warfarin as prophylaxis for central vein catheter thrombosis , 2002, Internal medicine journal.

[455]  J. A. Oliver,et al.  Spontaneous rupture of polyurethane peritoneal catheter. A possible deleterious effect of mupirocin ointment. , 1998, Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association.

[456]  Claire Rickard,et al.  Clinically-indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters. , 2010, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[457]  Dan M. Kluger,et al.  The risk of bloodstream infection in adults with different intravascular devices: a systematic review of 200 published prospective studies. , 2006, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[458]  W. Cronin,et al.  Intravascular Catheter Colonization and Related Bloodstream Infection in Critically III Neonates , 1990, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[459]  J. V. van Woensel,et al.  Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing early central venous catheter Gram positive infections in oncology patients. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[460]  L. Peterson,et al.  Reduction of unnecessary intravenous catheter use. Internal medicine house staff participate in a successful quality improvement project. , 1994, Archives of internal medicine.

[461]  B. Souweine,et al.  Femoral vs jugular venous catheterization and risk of nosocomial events in adults requiring acute renal replacement therapy: a randomized controlled trial. , 2008, JAMA.

[462]  R. Fluck,et al.  Locking of tunneled hemodialysis catheters with gentamicin and heparin. , 2004, Kidney international.

[463]  J. D. Armstrong,et al.  Perforation of the great vessels during central venous line placement. , 1995, Archives of internal medicine.

[464]  E. Cruz,et al.  Lost in the translation. , 1988, Chest.

[465]  J. May,et al.  Infection rate for single lumen v triple lumen subclavian catheters. , 1988, Infection control and hospital epidemiology.

[466]  Z. Ahmed,et al.  Complications associated with different insertion techniques for Hickman catheters. , 1998, Postgraduate medical journal.

[467]  Susanne M. Smorenburg,et al.  Thrombosis prophylaxis in patient populations with a central venous catheter: a systematic review. , 2003, Archives of internal medicine.

[468]  S. S. Palefski,et al.  The infusion nurse and patient complication rates of peripheral-short catheters. A prospective evaluation. , 2001, Journal of intravenous nursing : the official publication of the Intravenous Nurses Society.

[469]  Jeanne E. Zack,et al.  An educational intervention to prevent catheter-associated bloodstream infections in a nonteaching, community medical center* , 2003, Critical care medicine.

[470]  M. Higgins,et al.  The attributable mortality and costs of primary nosocomial bloodstream infections in the intensive care unit. , 1999, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[471]  A. Saxena,et al.  Tunneled catheters' outcome optimization among diabetics on dialysis through antibiotic-lock placement. , 2006, Kidney international.

[472]  Daniel Hind,et al.  Ultrasonic locating devices for central venous cannulation: meta-analysis , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[473]  C. Salgado,et al.  Health care-associated bloodstream infections associated with negative- or positive-pressure or displacement mechanical valve needleless connectors. , 2009, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[474]  J. Costerton,et al.  Biofilms: Survival Mechanisms of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms , 2002, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[475]  D. Maki,et al.  Use of vancomycin-containing lock or flush solutions for prevention of bloodstream infection associated with central venous access devices: a meta-analysis of prospective, randomized trials. , 2006, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.