A Review of Building Evacuation Models, 2nd Edition | NIST

Evacuation calculations are increasingly becoming a part of performance-based analyses to assess the level of life safety provided in buildings. In some cases, engineers are using back-ofthe-envelope (hand) calculations to assess life safety, and in others, computational evacuation models are being used. This paper presents a review of 26 current computer evacuation models, and is an updated version of a previous review published in 2005. Models are categorized by their availability, overarching method of simulating occupants, purpose, type of grid/structure, perspective of the occupants, perspective of the building, internal algorithms for simulating occupant behavior and movement, the incorporate of fire effects, the use of computer-aided design drawings, visualization methods, and validation techniques. Models are also categorized based upon whether they simulate special features of an evacuation, including counterflow, exit blockages, fire conditions that affect behavior, incapacitation of the occupants due to toxic smoke products, group behavior, disabled or slower-moving occupant effects, pre-evacuation delays, elevator usage, and occupant route choice.

[1]  Michael Schreckenberg,et al.  Comparison of an Evacuation Exercise in a Primary School to Simulation Results , 2003 .

[2]  Bauke de Vries,et al.  Measuring Human Behaviour Using Head-Cave , 2007 .

[3]  Timo Korhonen,et al.  Fire Dynamics Simulator with Evacuation: FDS+Evac: Technical Reference and User's Guide , 2009 .

[4]  Guylène Proulx,et al.  Computer Models For Fire and Smoke , 1989 .

[5]  Peter A. Thompson Developing new techniques for modelling crowd movement , 1994 .

[6]  M. Schreckenberg,et al.  A Concept for Coupling Empirical Data and Microscopic Simulation of Pedestrian Flows , 2002 .

[7]  G. G. Stokes "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[8]  Zhixiang Fang,et al.  A Spatial-Grid Evacuation Model for Buildings , 2000 .

[9]  Harri Ehtamo,et al.  FDS+Evac: Modelling Social Interactions in Fire Evaquation , 2008 .

[10]  H. W. Hamacher,et al.  Mathematical Modelling of Evacuation Problems: A State of Art , 2001 .

[11]  Wei-Li Tsai Validation of EvacuatioNZ Model for High-Rise Building Analysis , 2007 .

[12]  Jeanine Weekes Schroer,et al.  The Finite String Newsletter Abstracts of Current Literature Glisp User's Manual , 2022 .

[13]  J. L. Berrou,et al.  Calibration and validation of the Legion simulation model using empirical data , 2007 .

[14]  N A Hoffmann,et al.  SIMULATING EMERGENCY EVACUATIONS IN STATIONS , 1997 .

[15]  M. Schreckenberg,et al.  Assessment and Analysis of Evacuation Processes on Passenger Ships by Microscopic Simulation , 2002 .

[16]  Harri Ehtamo,et al.  Integration of an agent based evacuation simulation and state-of-the-art fire simulation , 2007 .

[17]  Michael Spearpoint,et al.  Calculating Evacuation Times from Lecture Theatre Type Rooms Using a Network Model , 2011 .

[18]  Harri Ehtamo,et al.  Game Theoretic Best-Response Dynamics for Evacuees' Exit Selection , 2010, Adv. Complex Syst..

[19]  L T Buckman,et al.  MODELLING STATION CONGESTION THE PEDROUTE WAY. , 1994 .

[20]  Edwin R. Galea,et al.  A review of the methodologies used in the computer simulation of evacuation from the built environment , 1999 .

[21]  John M. Watts,et al.  Computer models for evacuation analysis , 1987 .

[22]  Thor Hultgren,et al.  The Movement of People , 1948 .

[23]  Vassilis Zachariadis,et al.  Simulating Pedestrian Route-Choice Behavior under Transient Traffic Conditions , 2009 .

[24]  Siuming Lo,et al.  An evacuation model: the SGEM package , 2004 .

[25]  Kincho H. Law,et al.  A Computational Framework To Simulate Human And Social Behaviors For Egress Analysis , 2006 .

[26]  Richard L. Francis,et al.  EVACNET: Prototype Network Optimization Models for Building Evacuation. | NIST , 1979 .

[27]  Michael Spearpoint,et al.  Comparative Verification Exercises on a Probabilistic Network Model for Building Evacuation , 2009 .

[28]  Timo Korhonen,et al.  Fire Dynamics Simulator with Evacuation: FDS+Evac , 2010 .

[29]  Henry Weckman,et al.  Evacuation of a theatre: exercise vs calculations , 1999 .

[30]  Xiaoshan Pan,et al.  Computational modeling of human and social behaviors for emergency egress analysis , 2006 .

[31]  Erica D. Kuligowski,et al.  A Review of Building Evacuation Models | NIST , 2005 .

[32]  Edwin R. Galea,et al.  Validation of the buildingEXODUS Evacuation Model , 1998 .

[33]  Harri Ehtamo,et al.  FDS+Evac: An Agent Based Fire Evacuation Model , 2010 .

[34]  V. O. Shestopal,et al.  Evacuation Model For Merging Traffic Flows In Multi-room And Multi-storey Buildings , 1994 .

[35]  N. P. Waterson,et al.  A Comparison of Grid-based and Continuous Space Pedestrian Modelling Software: Analysis of Two UK Train Stations , 2011 .

[36]  Michael A. Regan,et al.  A comparison between actual and predicted evacuation times , 2001 .

[37]  David Purser,et al.  Grid Flow: An Object-oriented Building Evacuation Model Combining Pre-movement And Movement Behaviours For Performance-based Design , 2003 .

[38]  de B Bauke Vries,et al.  A decision making model of the doorway clue for an agent’s evacuation simulation , 2007 .

[39]  Michael Schreckenberg,et al.  Models for Crowd Movement and Egress Simulation , 2005 .

[40]  J. Sinclair,et al.  Go with the Flow , 2000 .

[41]  A. Schadschneider,et al.  Discretization effects and the influence of walking speed in cellular automata models for pedestrian dynamics , 2004 .

[42]  Jonathan D. Sime,et al.  Affiliative behaviour during escape to building exits , 1983 .

[43]  M. Schreckenberg,et al.  Microscopic Simulation of Pedestrian Crowd Motion , 2002 .

[44]  Michael Schreckenberg,et al.  Microscopic Simulation of Evacuation Processes on Passenger Ships , 2000, ACRI.

[45]  Eric W. Marchant,et al.  A computer model for the evacuation of large building populations , 1995 .

[46]  G. Keith Still Review of pedestrian and evacuation simulations , 2007, Int. J. Crit. Infrastructures.

[47]  Edwin R. Galea,et al.  A systematic comparison of model predictions produced by the buildingExodus evacuation model and the Tsukuba Pavilion evacuation data , 1997 .

[48]  E. W. Marchant,et al.  Computer and fluid modelling of evacuation , 1995 .

[49]  Douglas J. Carpenter,et al.  An Updated International Survey of Computer Models for Fire and Smoke , 2003 .

[50]  Brian J. Meacham,et al.  Performance-Based Fire Safety Engineering: an Introduction of Basic Concepts , 1995 .

[51]  Timo Korhonen,et al.  A Proposal for the Goals and New Techniques of Modelling Pedestrian Evacuation in Fires , 2005 .

[52]  Michael Schreckenberg,et al.  A microscopic model for simulating mustering and evacuation processes onboard passenger ships , 2002 .

[53]  N Rhodes,et al.  Fire safety engineering for the International Centre for Life, Newcastle-upon-Tyne , 1999 .

[54]  S. M. Lo,et al.  A graph-based algorithm for extracting units and loops from architectural floor plans for a building evacuation model , 2003, Comput. Aided Des..

[55]  Timo Korhonen,et al.  Development and validation of FDS+Evac for evacuation simulation , 2008 .

[56]  D. A. Henson,et al.  Analysis of the evacuation of a crush loaded train in a tunnel , 1998 .

[57]  Albert Steiner,et al.  Parameter estimation for a pedestrian simulation model , 2007 .

[58]  P. A. Thompson,et al.  Simulex 3.0: Modelling Evacuation In Multi-storey Buildings , 1997 .

[59]  Edwin R. Galea,et al.  Validating the buildingEXODUS evacuation model using data from an unannounced trial evacuation , 2003 .

[60]  C Chengyu Sun,et al.  Architectural Cue Model in Evacuation Simulation for Underground Space Design , 2010 .

[61]  Raymond Friedman,et al.  An International Survey of Computer Models for Fire and Smoke , 1992 .

[62]  Charles S. Han,et al.  A COMPUTATIONAL FRAMEWORK TO SIMULATE HUMAN AND SOCIAL BEHAVIORS DURING EMERGENCY EVACUATIONS , 2006 .

[63]  T. Jin Studies on Human Behavior and Tenability in Fire Smoke , 1997 .

[64]  Xiaoxing Xiang Predicting Evacuation Time from Lecture Theatre Type Rooms , 2007 .

[65]  Craig Beyler Toxicity Assessment Of Products Of Combustion Of Flexible Polyurethane Foam , 2005 .

[66]  Kincho H. Law,et al.  A multi-agent based framework for the simulation of human and social behaviors during emergency evacuations , 2007, AI & SOCIETY.

[67]  Harri Ehtamo,et al.  Modeling Evacuees' Exit Selection with Best Response Dynamics , 2010 .

[68]  Hubert Klüpfel,et al.  The simulation of crowd dynamics at very large events — Calibration, empirical data, and validation , 2007 .

[69]  Hubert Ludwig Kluepfel,et al.  A Cellular automaton model for crowd movement and egress simulation , 2003 .

[70]  T. J. Shields,et al.  Survey Analysis and Modelling of Office Evacuation using the Crisp Model , 1998 .

[71]  Jason D. Averill Five Grand Challenges in Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics , 2011 .

[72]  Kincho H. Law,et al.  Human and social behavior in computational modeling and analysis of egress , 2006 .

[73]  V. Schneider,et al.  Risk Management at Major Events - Study of Behavioral Aspects and Implementation into the ASERI Microscopic Evacuation Mode , 2011 .

[74]  P Holmberg,et al.  Study of Evacuation Movement Through Different Building Components , 1997 .

[75]  Michael Schreckenberg,et al.  Simulating mustering and evacuation processes onboard passenger vessels : model and applications , 2001 .

[76]  Hubert Klüpfel,et al.  Simulation of the Evacuation of a Football Stadium Using the CA Model PedGo , 2005 .

[77]  Michael Spearpoint,et al.  Trial evacuation of an industrial premises and evacuation model comparison , 2007 .

[78]  Rainald Löhner,et al.  On the modeling of pedestrian motion , 2010 .

[79]  R. F. Fahy EXIT89 : An Evacuation Model for High-Rise Buildings , 1991 .

[80]  J. I. Pauls,et al.  Effective-width model for evacuation flow , 1982 .

[81]  Eric W. Marchant,et al.  Testing and application of the computer model ‘SIMULEX’ , 1995 .

[82]  Hubert Klüpfel,et al.  The Simulation of Crowds at Very Large Events , 2007 .

[83]  Harri Ehtamo,et al.  FDS+EVAC: Evacuation module for fire dynamics simulator , 2007 .

[84]  Bauke de Vries,et al.  Automated human choice extraction for evacuation route prediction , 2009 .

[85]  Volker Schneider,et al.  Egress Route Choice Modelling—Concepts and Applications , 2010 .

[86]  Timo Korhonen,et al.  Fire Dynamics Simulator with Evacuation FDS+Evac, version 5. Technical Reference and User's Guide , 2008 .

[87]  Qi Zhao,et al.  Measure the Evacuees’ Preference on Architectural Cues by CAVE , 2008 .

[89]  Siuming Lo,et al.  A game theory based exit selection model for evacuation , 2006 .

[90]  Michael Schreckenberg,et al.  Simulation of competitive egress behavior: comparison with aircraft evacuation data , 2003 .

[91]  E. W. Marchant,et al.  Simulex; Developing New Computer Modelling Techniques For Evaluation , 1994 .

[92]  Michael Schreckenberg,et al.  Empirical data on an evacuation exercise in a movie theater , 2001 .