Cervical Infection With Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Women From Ten Areas in Four Continents: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objectives: Better information on the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infection is needed in many world areas. Study Design: Cross-sectional study of population-based samples of nonpregnant women aged 15 to 44 years in Nigeria, Colombia, Argentina, Vietnam (2 areas), China, Thailand (2 areas), Korea, and Spain. 5,328 consenting women aged 15 to 44 years participated. Exfoliated cervical cells were collected and testing for CT and NG and human papillomavirus (HPV) was done using PCR-based assays. Results: Age-standardized CT prevalence ranged between 0.2% (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.0–0.7%) in Spain and 5.6% (95% CI: 3.4–7.8%) in Nigeria. NG ranged between 0% (with broad CIs) in several areas and 2.6% (95% CI: 1.0–4.2%) in Nigeria. Prevalence of CT in all areas combined was greater in women aged 15 to 24 (4.5; 95% CI: 3.4–5.8%) than 25 to 44 (2.6; 95% CI: 2.1–3.1%), whereas NG prevalence was similar in the 2 age groups (0.3%). The only significant risk factors were NG infection (for CT), CT infection (for NG) and infection with high-risk HPV types (for both). Conclusions: The prevalence of CT and, most notably, NG was relatively low in a variety of countries. Our findings, however, do not apply to subsets of high-risk women who are likely to be underrepresented in our population-based samples.

[1]  M. Plummer,et al.  International agency for research on cancer. , 2020, Archives of pathology.

[2]  S. Franceschi,et al.  Variations in the age‐specific curves of human papillomavirus prevalence in women worldwide , 2006, International journal of cancer.

[3]  S. Franceschi,et al.  Human papillomavirus infection in Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China: a population-based study , 2006, British Journal of Cancer.

[4]  J. Papp,et al.  Association of Chlamydia trachomatis with persistence of high-risk types of human papillomavirus in a cohort of female adolescents. , 2005, American journal of epidemiology.

[5]  S. Franceschi,et al.  Worldwide distribution of human papillomavirus types in cytologically normal women in the International Agency for Research on Cancer HPV prevalence surveys: a pooled analysis , 2005, The Lancet.

[6]  Gale R. Burstein,et al.  Chlamydia Screening in a Health Plan Before and After a National Performance Measure Introduction , 2005, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[7]  D. Coetzee,et al.  Sentinel surveillance of sexually transmitted infections in South Africa: a review , 2005, Sexually Transmitted Infections.

[8]  A. V. D. van den Brule,et al.  Evaluation of Conventional and Real-Time PCR Assays Using Two Targets for Confirmation of Results of the COBAS AMPLICOR Chlamydia trachomatis/Neisseria gonorrhoeae Test for Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Clinical Samples , 2005, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[9]  R. Peeling,et al.  Chlamydia trachomatis and invasive cervical cancer: A pooled analysis of the IARC multicentric case‐control study , 2004, International journal of cancer.

[10]  William C Miller,et al.  Prevalence of chlamydial and gonococcal infections among young adults in the United States. , 2004, JAMA.

[11]  S. Franceschi,et al.  Prevalence of papillomavirus infection in women in Ibadan, Nigeria: a population-based study , 2004, British Journal of Cancer.

[12]  D. Kleinbaum,et al.  Condom effectiveness for reducing transmission of gonorrhea and chlamydia: the importance of assessing partner infection status. , 2004, American journal of epidemiology.

[13]  I. Catalá,et al.  Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infection in the Female Population in Barcelona, Spain , 2003, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[14]  N. Muñoz,et al.  Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Women in Concordia, Argentina:: A Population-Based Study , 2003, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[15]  P. Rice,et al.  Vaginal Swabs Are Appropriate Specimens for Diagnosis of Genital Tract Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis , 2003, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[16]  P. Coursaget,et al.  Population-based human papillomavirus prevalence in Lampang and Songkla, Thailand. , 2003, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[17]  S. Franceschi,et al.  Human papillomavirus infection among women in South and North Vietnam , 2003, International journal of cancer.

[18]  F. X. Bosch,et al.  Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[19]  P. Coursaget,et al.  Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in women in Busan, South Korea , 2003, International journal of cancer.

[20]  J. Paavonen,et al.  The accuracy and efficacy of screening tests for Chlamydia trachomatis: a systematic review. , 2002, Journal of medical microbiology.

[21]  F. Wiklund,et al.  A population‐based prospective study of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and cervical carcinoma , 2002, International journal of cancer.

[22]  S. Franceschi,et al.  Prevalence and determinants of HPV infection among Colombian women with normal cytology , 2002, British Journal of Cancer.

[23]  B. Stray-Pedersen,et al.  A systematic review of the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among European women. , 2002, Human reproduction update.

[24]  J. Ross,et al.  Demographic and behavioural profile of adults infected with chlamydia: a case-control study , 2001, Sexually transmitted infections.

[25]  L. Schouls,et al.  Comparison between the LCx Probe System and the COBAS AMPLICOR System for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatisand Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections in Patients Attending a Clinic for Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Amsterdam, The Netherlands , 2001, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[26]  Gale R. Burstein,et al.  Predictors of repeat Chlamydia trachomatis infections diagnosed by DNA amplification testing among inner city females , 2001, Sexually transmitted infections.

[27]  J. Walboomers,et al.  Distribution of 37 mucosotropic HPV types in women with cytologically normal cervical smears: The age‐related patterns for high‐risk and low‐risk types , 2000, International journal of cancer.

[28]  P. Piot,et al.  Global prevalence and incidence estimates of selected curable STDs. , 1998, Sexually transmitted infections.

[29]  J. Ferlay,et al.  Cancer Incidence in Five Continents , 1970, Union Internationale Contre Le Cancer / International Union against Cancer.

[30]  M. Domeika,et al.  Cervical sampling for diagnosis of genital chlamydial infection with a new brush device. , 1993, Genitourinary medicine.

[31]  R. Blair,et al.  Comparison of the cytology brush with the Dacron swab for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis by enzyme immunoassay in female university students. , 1993, Journal of American college health : J of ACH.

[32]  D. Hunter,et al.  Chlamydia trachomatis and oral contraceptive use: a quantitative review. , 1992, Genitourinary medicine.

[33]  J. Perlman,et al.  Oral contraceptive use and the risk of chlamydial and gonococcal infections. , 1989, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[34]  L. Krzyżaniak,et al.  The rise and fall of IUDS's: banning of IUD's in USA. Alarming interactions between IUD's and sexually transmitted diseases (STD). , 1986, Advances in contraceptive delivery systems : CDS.

[35]  Cancer incidence in five continents. Volume VIII. , 2002, IARC scientific publications.