Rapid multi-orientation quantitative susceptibility mapping

Three-dimensional gradient echo (GRE) is the main workhorse sequence used for susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI), quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), and susceptibility tensor imaging (STI). Achieving optimal phase signal-to-noise ratio requires late echo times, thus necessitating a long repetition time (TR). Combined with the large encoding burden of whole-brain coverage with high resolution, this leads to increased scan time. Further, the dipole kernel relating the tissue phase to the underlying susceptibility distribution undersamples the frequency content of the susceptibility map. Scans at multiple head orientations along with calculation of susceptibility through multi-orientation sampling (COSMOS) are one way to effectively mitigate this issue. Additionally, STI requires a minimum of 6 head orientations to solve for the independent tensor elements in each voxel. The requirements of high-resolution imaging with long TR at multiple orientations substantially lengthen the acquisition of COSMOS and STI. The goal of this work is to dramatically speed up susceptibility mapping at multiple head orientations. We demonstrate highly efficient acquisition using 3D-GRE with Wave-CAIPI and dramatically reduce the acquisition time of these protocols. Using R=15-fold acceleration with Wave-CAIPI permits acquisition per head orientation in 90s at 1.1mm isotropic resolution, and 5:35min at 0.5mm isotropic resolution. Since Wave-CAIPI fully harnesses the 3D spatial encoding capability of receive arrays, the maximum g-factor noise amplification remains below 1.30 at 3T and 1.12 at 7T. This allows a 30-min exam for STI with 12 orientations, thus paving the way to its clinical application.

[1]  Stephen M Smith,et al.  Fast robust automated brain extraction , 2002, Human brain mapping.

[2]  Wei Li,et al.  Probing white-matter microstructure with higher-order diffusion tensors and susceptibility tensor MRI , 2012, Front. Integr. Neurosci..

[3]  Ferdinand Schweser,et al.  Quantitative susceptibility mapping for investigating subtle susceptibility variations in the human brain , 2012, NeuroImage.

[4]  Xu Li,et al.  Mapping magnetic susceptibility anisotropies of white matter in vivo in the human brain at 7T , 2012, NeuroImage.

[5]  Margit Jehna,et al.  Quantitative susceptibility mapping in multiple sclerosis. , 2013, Radiology.

[6]  K. Uğurbil,et al.  Parallel imaging performance as a function of field strength—An experimental investigation using electrodynamic scaling , 2004, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[7]  P. Boesiger,et al.  SENSE: Sensitivity encoding for fast MRI , 1999, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[8]  Yi Wang,et al.  Quantitative MR susceptibility mapping using piece‐wise constant regularized inversion of the magnetic field , 2008, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[9]  Kawin Setsompop,et al.  Wave‐CAIPI for highly accelerated 3D imaging , 2015, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[10]  Chunlei Liu.  Susceptibility tensor imaging , 2010, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[11]  Robert Turner,et al.  Toward in vivo histology: A comparison of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) with magnitude-, phase-, and R2 ⁎-imaging at ultra-high magnetic field strength , 2013, NeuroImage.

[12]  Steven C.R. Williams,et al.  Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. , 2012 .

[13]  Leslie Ying,et al.  Joint image reconstruction and sensitivity estimation in SENSE (JSENSE) , 2007, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[14]  Xu Li,et al.  Mean magnetic susceptibility regularized susceptibility tensor imaging (MMSR‐STI) for estimating orientations of white matter fibers in human brain , 2014, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[15]  Yi Wang,et al.  Morphology enabled dipole inversion (MEDI) from a single‐angle acquisition: Comparison with COSMOS in human brain imaging , 2011, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[16]  G Allan Johnson,et al.  Susceptibility tensor imaging of the kidney and its microstructural underpinnings , 2015, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[17]  Yi Wang,et al.  Calculation of susceptibility through multiple orientation sampling (COSMOS): A method for conditioning the inverse problem from measured magnetic field map to susceptibility source image in MRI , 2009, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[18]  Bing Wu,et al.  Quantitative susceptibility mapping of human brain reflects spatial variation in tissue composition , 2011, NeuroImage.

[19]  Michael Elad,et al.  ESPIRiT—an eigenvalue approach to autocalibrating parallel MRI: Where SENSE meets GRAPPA , 2014, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[20]  Bing Wu,et al.  Fast and tissue-optimized mapping of magnetic susceptibility and T2* with multi-echo and multi-shot spirals , 2012, NeuroImage.

[21]  V. Wedeen,et al.  Simultaneous echo refocusing in EPI , 2002, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[22]  Wei Li,et al.  3D fiber tractography with susceptibility tensor imaging , 2012, NeuroImage.

[23]  Kawin Setsompop,et al.  A low power radiofrequency pulse for simultaneous multislice excitation and refocusing , 2014, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[24]  A. Macovski,et al.  Variable-rate selective excitation , 1988 .

[25]  Bing Wu,et al.  Magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of human brain in vivo and its molecular underpinnings , 2012, NeuroImage.

[26]  Chunlei Liu,et al.  Whole brain susceptibility mapping using compressed sensing , 2012, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[27]  Wei Li,et al.  Susceptibility‐weighted imaging and quantitative susceptibility mapping in the brain , 2015, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[28]  J. Duyn,et al.  A. functional MRI technique combining principles of echo‐shifting with a train of observations (PRESTO) , 1993, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[29]  Dong Zhou,et al.  Magnetic susceptibility anisotropy: Cylindrical symmetry from macroscopically ordered anisotropic molecules and accuracy of MRI measurements using few orientations , 2013, NeuroImage.

[30]  Robin M Heidemann,et al.  Controlled aliasing in volumetric parallel imaging (2D CAIPIRINHA) , 2006, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[31]  Stephen M. Smith,et al.  Improved Optimization for the Robust and Accurate Linear Registration and Motion Correction of Brain Images , 2002, NeuroImage.

[32]  Siegfried Trattnig,et al.  Combining phase images from multi‐channel RF coils using 3D phase offset maps derived from a dual‐echo scan , 2011, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[33]  Trong-Kha Truong,et al.  Integrated RF/shim coil array for parallel reception and localized B 0 shimming in the human brain , 2014, NeuroImage.

[34]  J. Duyn,et al.  Magnetic susceptibility mapping of brain tissue in vivo using MRI phase data , 2009, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[35]  Yi Wang,et al.  Quantitative susceptibility map reconstruction from MR phase data using bayesian regularization: Validation and application to brain imaging , 2010, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[36]  R. Bowtell,et al.  Application of a Fourier‐based method for rapid calculation of field inhomogeneity due to spatial variation of magnetic susceptibility , 2005 .

[37]  Michael A. Saunders,et al.  LSQR: An Algorithm for Sparse Linear Equations and Sparse Least Squares , 1982, TOMS.

[38]  David G Norris,et al.  Power independent of number of slices (PINS) radiofrequency pulses for low‐power simultaneous multislice excitation , 2011, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[39]  Jorge Jovicich,et al.  B0 mapping with multi‐channel RF coils at high field , 2011, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[40]  Richard Bowtell,et al.  Whole-brain susceptibility mapping at high field: A comparison of multiple- and single-orientation methods , 2010, NeuroImage.

[41]  Guy B. Williams,et al.  In Vivo Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) in Alzheimer's Disease , 2013, PloS one.

[42]  Hoby P Hetherington,et al.  Role of very high order and degree B0 shimming for spectroscopic imaging of the human brain at 7 tesla , 2012, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[43]  D. Rothman,et al.  Dynamic multi-coil shimming of the human brain at 7 T. , 2011, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[44]  Michael Brady,et al.  Improved Optimization for the Robust and Accurate Linear Registration and Motion Correction of Brain Images , 2002, NeuroImage.

[45]  B. Keil,et al.  Design Optimization of a 32-Channel Head Coil at 7 T , 2009 .

[46]  Yi Wang,et al.  Improved subthalamic nucleus depiction with quantitative susceptibility mapping. , 2013, Radiology.

[47]  J Hennig,et al.  Multislice interleaved excitation cycles (MUSIC): An efficient gradient‐echo technique for functional MRI , 1996, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[48]  Yi Wang,et al.  Morphology enabled dipole inversion for quantitative susceptibility mapping using structural consistency between the magnitude image and the susceptibility map , 2012, NeuroImage.

[49]  Jeffrey A. Fessler,et al.  Nonuniform fast Fourier transforms using min-max interpolation , 2003, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[50]  G. Allan Johnson,et al.  Prenatal alcohol exposure reduces magnetic susceptibility contrast and anisotropy in the white matter of mouse brains , 2014, NeuroImage.