The relationship among salesperson appearance, employee-organization identification, job involvement, and job performance in the context of an apparel retail store

vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter Overview 1 Background 1 Purpose 4 Methodology 4 Significance 5 Definitions 6 Organization of Dissertation 7 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 9 Chapter Overview 9 Employee-Organization Identification and Perceived Organizational Identity 9 Evidence of Employee-Organization Identification within Retail Contexts 15 Employees' Appearance at Work 16 Symbolic Interaction Theory 20 Antecedents of Employee-Organization Identification 23 Attractiveness, person-organization fit, and perceived organizational identity 23 Consequences of Employee-Organization Identification 26 Job involvement 26 Job performance 27 Relationship between employee-organization identification, job involvement, and job performance 28 Objectives 30 Research Question, Hypotheses, and Proposed Model 30 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 33 CHAPTER 4: METHOD AND FINDINGS FOR PHASE 1 : INTERVIEWS FOR ITEM GENERATION 36 Chapter Overview 36 Method 36 Data collection 36 Participant characteristics 37 Data analysis 39 Findings: Principal Emergent Themes from Phase 1 of the Study 39 Identification as congruency between employee self-image and store image 40

[1]  E. Babakus,et al.  An empirical test of the job satisfaction-turnover relationship: Assessing the role of job performance for retail managers , 1990 .

[2]  Larry B. Wallnau,et al.  Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences , 1985 .

[3]  J. S. Shrauger,et al.  Responses to evaluation as a function of initial self-perceptions. , 1975, Psychological bulletin.

[4]  Oliver Christ,et al.  The utility of a broader conceptualization of organizational identification: Which aspects really matter? , 2004 .

[5]  Harriet Mcleod,et al.  African-American Male Executive Dress: Issues of Aesthetics, Conformity and Ethnic Identity , 1996 .

[6]  Celia V. Harquail,et al.  Organizational images and member identification. , 1994 .

[7]  M. Rokeach The Nature Of Human Values , 1974 .

[8]  George M. Alliger,et al.  Construct validation of two instruments designed to measure job involvement and work centrality. , 1994 .

[9]  Thomas W. Lee,et al.  Voluntarily Leaving an Organization: An Empirical Investigation of Steers and Mowday's Model of Turnover , 1987 .

[10]  A. Parasuraman,et al.  SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. , 1988 .

[11]  N. Frank,et al.  Academic Performance and Perceived Validity of Grades: An Additional Case for Self-Enhancement , 2000, The Journal of social psychology.

[12]  Rajesh Srivastava,et al.  Alternative Modes of Measuring Store Image: An Empirical Assessment of Structured versus Unstructured Measures , 1998 .

[13]  Gilbert A. Churchill A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs , 1979 .

[14]  Amy L. Kristof PERSON-ORGANIZATION FIT: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW OF ITS CONCEPTUALIZATIONS, MEASUREMENT, AND IMPLICATIONS , 1996 .

[15]  R. Farr The Roots of Modern Social Psychology: 1872-1954 , 1996 .

[16]  L. Porter,et al.  The Measurement of Organizational Commitment. , 1979 .

[17]  Patricia Anne Kimle,et al.  A Grounded Theory Model of the Ideal Business Image for Women , 1997 .

[18]  J. Hoelter The Analysis of Covariance Structures , 1983 .

[19]  R. Belk,et al.  Culture and Consumption: New Approaches to the Symbolic Character of Consumer Goods and Activities , 1989 .

[20]  Peter Herriot,et al.  Social Identities and Applicant Reactions , 2004 .

[21]  Daan van Knippenberg,et al.  Work Motivation and Performance: A Social Identity Perspective , 2000 .

[22]  Kenneth A. Bollen,et al.  Structural Equations with Latent Variables , 1989 .

[23]  Mary Lynn Damhorst,et al.  Meanings of Clothing Cues in Social Context , 1985 .

[24]  Anat Rafaeli,et al.  Navigating By Attire: The Use Of Dress By Female Administrative Employees , 1997 .

[25]  Ramadhar Singh,et al.  An Integration Theoretical Analysis of Expected Job Attractiveness and Satisfaction , 1986 .

[26]  M. Pratt The Good, the Bad, and the Ambivalent: Managing Identification among Amway Distributors , 2000 .

[27]  Rebecca H. Holman,et al.  Perspectives on human communication , 1978 .

[28]  Saroj Parasuraman,et al.  Sources and Outcomes of Stress in Organizational Settings: Toward the Development of a Structural Model , 1984 .

[29]  David Efraty,et al.  The effect of organizational identification on employee affective and performance responses , 1988 .

[30]  Cynthia R. Jasper,et al.  Perceived effect of a salesperson's stigmatized appearance on store image: an experimental study of student's perceptions , 1996 .

[31]  Edwin A. Locke,et al.  Job satisfaction. , 1969, Hospital administration currents.

[32]  T. Oko Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences. , 1992 .

[33]  L. B. Arthur Role Salience, Role Embracement, and the Symbolic Self-Completion of Sorority Pledges , 1997 .

[34]  E. A. Locke The nature and causes of job satisfaction , 1976 .

[35]  Sookhyun Kim,et al.  Discount Store Patronage: A Comparison between South Korea and the United States , 2005 .

[36]  Dhruv Grewal,et al.  Retail Environment, Self-Congruity, and Retail Patronage: An Integrative Model and a Research Agenda , 2000 .

[37]  M. R. Solomon The Role of Products as Social Stimuli: A Symbolic Interactionism Perspective , 1983 .

[38]  Lance A. Bettencourt,et al.  Lifestyle of the Tight and Frugal: Theory and Measurement , 1999 .

[39]  Bernd H. Schmitt,et al.  Managing corporate image and identity , 1995 .

[40]  Fred A. Mael,et al.  Social identity theory and the organization , 1989 .

[41]  Earl R. Babbie,et al.  The practice of social research , 1969 .

[42]  Stephen M. Shortell,et al.  Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder: The Impact of Organizational Identification, Identity, and Image on the Cooperative Behaviors of Physicians , 2002 .

[43]  G. H. Johnson An Instrument for the Measurement of Job Satisfaction , 1955 .

[44]  P. Bentler,et al.  Comparative fit indexes in structural models. , 1990, Psychological bulletin.

[45]  Anat Rafaeli,et al.  Organizational Dress as a Symbol of Multilayered Social Identities , 1997 .

[46]  J. Creswell Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five traditions. , 1998 .

[47]  Vicki R. Lane,et al.  A Stakeholder Approach to Organizational Identity , 2000 .

[48]  Breaking Habits: Fashion and Identity of Women Religious , 1998 .

[49]  Fred A. Mael,et al.  LOYAL FROM DAY ONE: BIODATA, ORGANIZATIONAL IDENTIFICATION, AND TURNOVER AMONG NEWCOMERS , 1995 .

[50]  M. Morgado Coming To Terms With Postmodern: Theories and Concepts of Contemporary Culture and Their Implications for Apparel Scholars , 1996 .

[51]  H. Keith Hunt,et al.  Improving the Retail Performance by Contrasting Management- and Customer-Perceived Store Images: A Diagnostic Tool for Corrective Action , 1998 .

[52]  V. E. Schein,et al.  Organizational Attraction and the Person-Environment Fit , 1988 .

[53]  Majken Schultz,et al.  The Dynamics of Organizational Identity , 2002 .

[54]  J. Schouten Selves in Transition: Symbolic Consumption in Personal Rites of Passage and Identity Reconstruction , 1991 .

[55]  Steven R. Ash,et al.  A Web of applicant attraction: person-organization fit in the context of Web-based recruitment. , 2002 .

[56]  Nathan Joseph,et al.  The Uniform: A Sociological Perspective , 1972, American Journal of Sociology.

[57]  S. Hunt,et al.  The Discourse of Dress and Appearance: Identity Talk and a Rhetoric of Review , 1997 .

[58]  John R. Hollenbeck,et al.  Turnover functionality versus turnover frequency: A note on work attitudes and organizational effectiveness , 1986 .

[59]  R. Lusch,et al.  A Hierarchical Model of Values, Leadership, Job Satisfaction and Commitment , 2002 .

[60]  Gary Alan Fine,et al.  Symbols, Selves, and Social Reality: A Symbolic Interactionist Approach to Social Psychology and Sociology , 2002 .

[61]  Thomas W. Dougherty,et al.  Influences of Campus Recruiting on Applicant Attraction to Firms , 1992 .

[62]  An ethnography of a gift store: Trappings, wrappings, and rapture. , 1989 .

[63]  Jeffrey R. Edwards,et al.  The sources and accuracy of job applicants' beliefs about organizational culture. , 2000 .

[64]  C. Fornell,et al.  Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. , 1981 .

[65]  G. Laurent,et al.  Consumer Involvement Profiles: A New and Practical Approach to Consumer Involvement , 1985 .

[66]  H. L. Douty Influence of clothing on perception of persons , 1963 .

[67]  Linda L. Price,et al.  River Magic: Extraordinary Experience and the Extended Service Encounter , 1993 .

[68]  D. Hall,et al.  Relationship of job characteristics to job involvement, satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation , 1970 .

[69]  Gary Alan Fine,et al.  Symbols, Selves and Social Life: A Symbolic Interactionist Approach to Sociology and Social Psychology , 2003 .

[70]  Steven P. Brown A meta-analysis and review of organizational research on job involvement. , 1996 .

[71]  Rolf van Dick,et al.  Identification in Organizational Contexts: Linking Theory and Research from Social and Organizational Psychology , 2001 .

[72]  Kenneth A. Hunt,et al.  Conceptualization and operationalization of retail store image: A case of rival middle-level theories , 1992 .

[73]  Howard B. Lee,et al.  Foundations of Behavioral Research , 1973 .

[74]  M. Riketta Organizational identification: A meta-analysis , 2005 .

[75]  Daniel B. Turban,et al.  Organizational Attractiveness as an Employer on College Campuses: An Examination of the Applicant Population , 2001 .

[76]  D. Marlowe,et al.  A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. , 1960, Journal of consulting psychology.

[77]  B. Schneider,et al.  Self Image and Job Characteristics as Correlates of Changing Organizational Identification , 1971 .

[78]  M. Holbrook,et al.  The Chain of Effects from Brand Trust and Brand Affect to Brand Performance: The Role of Brand Loyalty , 2001 .

[79]  S. Turkle Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet , 1997 .

[80]  J. Baudrillard The Consumer Society , 2018 .

[81]  R. Kanungo,et al.  Measurement of job and work involvement. , 1982 .

[82]  Daniel M. Cable,et al.  APPLICANT PERSONALITY, ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE, AND ORGANIZATION ATTRACTION , 1997 .

[83]  J. Hair,et al.  The Self-Image/Store-Image, Matching Process: An Empirical Test , 1977 .

[84]  Norman E. Wallen,et al.  How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education , 1990 .

[85]  George J. Siomkos,et al.  Toward a Methodology For Assessing Effects of In-Store Atmospherics , 1986 .

[86]  Greg W. Marshall,et al.  A meta-analysis of the relationship between organizational commitment and salesperson job performance: 25 years of research , 2005 .

[87]  John E. Mathieu,et al.  Further evidence for the discriminant validity of measures of organizational commitment, job involvement, and job satisfaction. , 1991 .

[88]  Fred A. Mael,et al.  Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification , 1992 .

[89]  Tia DeNora,et al.  ‘When You're Trying Something on You Picture Yourself in a Place Where They are Playing This Kind of Music’ — Musically Sponsored Agency in the British Clothing Retail Sector , 2000 .

[90]  E. Hardie Stress coping congruence: a tripartite conceptual framework for exploring the health consequences of effective and ineffective coping , 2005 .

[91]  George M. Zinkhan,et al.  Marketing Images , 2001 .

[92]  Steven P. Brown,et al.  ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF SALESPERSON JOB SATISFACTION: META ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF CAUSAL EFFECTS , 1993 .

[93]  H. Rao,et al.  Understanding the Bond of Identification: An Investigation of its Correlates among Art Museum Members: , 1995 .

[94]  A. Aron,et al.  Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness , 1992 .

[95]  Luz María Jiménez Narváez Design's Own Knowledge , 2000 .

[96]  Allen C. Bluedorn,et al.  Men and Women of the Corporation , 1978 .

[97]  R. Gordon Issues in Multiple Regression , 1968, American Journal of Sociology.

[98]  Leslie A. Hayduk Structural equation modeling with LISREL: essentials and advances , 1987 .

[99]  P. Bentler,et al.  Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures , 1980 .

[100]  Kenneth C. Gehrt,et al.  Career Preference for Retail Formats Among College Students: A Socialization Perspective , 1999 .

[101]  M. Browne Asymptotically distribution-free methods for the analysis of covariance structures. , 1984, The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology.

[102]  C. Bhattacharya,et al.  Consumer–Company Identification: A Framework for Understanding Consumers’ Relationships with Companies , 2003 .

[103]  Ulrich Wagner,et al.  Organizational identification and organizational commitment: Distinct aspects of two related concepts , 2004 .

[104]  L. Shore,et al.  Job and organizational attitudes in relation to employee behavioral intentions , 1990 .

[105]  G. Odekerken-Schröder,et al.  Store Satisfaction and Store Loyalty Explained by Customer- and Store-Related Factors , 2002 .

[106]  M. R. Solomon Consumer Behavior: In Fashion , 2003 .

[107]  D. Funder The Personality Puzzle , 1996 .

[108]  B. Menguc,et al.  The employee-organization relationship, organizational citizenship behaviors, and superior service quality , 2002 .

[109]  R. Lutz,et al.  Children, Advertising, and Product Experiences: A Multimethod Inquiry , 2000 .

[110]  H. Tajfel Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. , 1978 .

[111]  Stan N. Finkelstein,et al.  Objective and self‐report work performance measures: a comparative analysis , 2006 .

[112]  S. Siegel,et al.  Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences , 2022, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[113]  Gretchen B. Rossman,et al.  Designing qualitative research, 3rd ed. , 1999 .

[114]  W. Swann Identity negotiation: where two roads meet. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[115]  Alan J. Farber,et al.  Attitudes toward Appropriate Clothing in Perception of Occupational Attributes , 1992 .

[116]  A. d’Astous,et al.  A scale for measuring store personality , 2003 .

[117]  E. Green 6 Suiting Ourselves: Women Professors Using Clothes to Signal Authority, Belonging and Personal Style , 2001 .

[118]  Vicki R. Lane,et al.  Fluid, Fractured, and Distinctive? In Search of a Definition of Organizational Identity , 2000 .

[119]  William K. Darley,et al.  Effects of store image and attitude toward secondhand stores on shopping frequency and distance traveled , 1999 .

[120]  J. Mathieu,et al.  A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment , 1990 .

[121]  J. Chandler,et al.  7 Minding Appearances in Female Academic Culture - Susan Kaiser, Joan Chandler and Tania Hammidi , 2001 .

[122]  E. V. Schie,et al.  Foci and correlates of organizational identification , 2000 .

[123]  M. Sirgy,et al.  A path analytic model of store loyalty involving self-concept, store image, geographic loyalty, and socioeconomic status , 1985 .

[124]  Michael G. Pratt,et al.  The Beauty of and Barriers to Organizational Theories of Identity , 2000 .

[125]  H. Blumer,et al.  Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method , 1988 .

[126]  A. Parasuraman,et al.  The influence of store environment on quality inferences and store image , 1994 .

[127]  Caroline A. Bartel Social Comparisons in Boundary-Spanning Work: Effects of Community Outreach on Members' Organizational Identity and Identification , 2001 .

[128]  Robert G. Lord,et al.  Examining the roles of job involvement and work centrality in predicting organizational citizenship behaviors and job performance , 2002 .

[129]  S. Gould,et al.  Work involvement: A comparison of dual wage earner and single wage earner families. , 1983 .

[130]  W. Hollway,et al.  Doing Qualitative Research Differently: Free Association, Narrative and the Interview Method , 2000 .

[131]  E. Goffman The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life , 1959 .