The Neuronal and Immune Memory Systems as Supervisors of Neural Plasticity and Aging of the Brain: From Phenomenology to Coding of Information

The ultimate goal of this report is to learn how to manipulate the level of memory T cells for more effective treatment of such neurological diseases as multiple sclerosis (MS), where certain T cell subsets recognize self‐antigens as opposed to pathogen antigens, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Brain lesions (electrolitically, by kainic acid, with AlCl, and with 6‐OHDA); stimulations (electrical, magnetic, or pharmacological); or restoration of some neurological functions (thermoregulatory and behavioral) by fetal graft allotransplantations in bilaterally lesioned anterior hypothalamic area (AHA‐immune regulation) and nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM‐experimental AD) in our studies were designed to reproduce immune and cognitive deficits induced by lesions of these brain structures. To localize memory traces in the immune system and in the brain we used ethanol and drugs such as kainic acid and 6‐OHDA, which have been used very effectively to produce temporary lesions in the brain. Rats showed no learning and memory ability as well as inhibition of immune reactions.

[1]  J. F. A. Brown.  A hypothesis for extrinsic timing of circadian rhythms , 1969 .

[2]  B. Jankovič.  Structural correlates of immune microenvironment. , 1973, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[3]  R N Walsh,et al.  The Open-Field Test: a critical review. , 1976, Psychological bulletin.

[4]  W. Markesbery,et al.  Hypothalamic-immune interactions. II. The effect of hypothalamic lesions on the ability of adherent spleen cells to limit lymphocyte blastogenesis. , 1982, Immunology.

[5]  M. Fauman.  The central nervous system and the immune system. , 1982, Biological psychiatry.

[6]  G. Pepeu,et al.  Lesions of cholinergic forebrain nuclei: Changes in avoidance behavior and scopolamine actions , 1982, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.

[7]  B. Jankovič,et al.  Delayed skin hypersensitivity reactions to human brain S-100 protein in psychiatric patients. , 1982, Biological psychiatry.

[8]  R. Bartus,et al.  Behavioral and neurochemical effects following neurotoxic lesions of a major cholinergic input to the cerebral cortex in the rat , 1983, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.

[9]  A. Nagaoka,et al.  Lesioning of the rat basal forebrain leads to memory impairments in passive and active avoidance tasks , 1985, Brain Research.

[10]  D. Luchins,et al.  Senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT) , 1985, Neurology.

[11]  D. Olton,et al.  Memory impairments following basal forebrain lesions , 1985, Brain Research.

[12]  J. Kessler,et al.  Memory related role of the posterior cholinergic system. , 1986, The International journal of neuroscience.

[13]  N. H. Spector,et al.  Effects on the Immune System of Lesioning and Stimulation of the Nervous System: Neuroimmunomodulation , 1986 .

[14]  Thomas K. Landauer,et al.  How Much do People Remember? Some Estimates of the Quantity of Learned Information in Long-Term Memory , 1986, Cogn. Sci..

[15]  C. Cotman,et al.  Effects of Conditioning Lesions on Transplant Survival, Connectivity, and Function , 1987, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[16]  C. Geula,et al.  Anatomy of cholinesterase inhibition in Alzheimer's disease: Effect of physostigmine and tetrahydroaminoacridine on plaques and tangles , 1987, Annals of neurology.

[17]  E. Wertman,et al.  Effect of Hypothalamic Lesions on Experimental Autoimmune Diseases in Rats , 1987, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[18]  R. Sapolsky,et al.  Effect of neonatal handling on age-related impairments associated with the hippocampus. , 1988, Science.

[19]  K. Jovanova-Nesic,et al.  Neuroimmunomodulation: potentiation of delayed hypersensitivity and antibody production by chronic electrical stimulation of the rat brain. , 1988, The International journal of neuroscience.

[20]  H. Wenk.  The nucleus basalis magnocellularis Meynert (NbmM) complex--a central integrator of coded "limbic signals" linked to neocortical modular operation? A proposed (heuristic) model of function. , 1989, Journal fur Hirnforschung.

[21]  C. Finch,et al.  The need for multiple time points in aging studies , 1990, Neurobiology of Aging.

[22]  S. Sorbi,et al.  Changes in Na+,K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and some soluble enzymes related to energy metabolism in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease , 1990, Neuroscience Letters.

[23]  K. Jovanova-Nesic,et al.  Magnetic brain stimulation and immune response in the rat with lesioned brain structures. , 1990, Acupuncture & electro-therapeutics research.

[24]  W. Hickey,et al.  T‐lymphocyte entry into the central nervous system , 1991, Journal of neuroscience research.

[25]  R. Miller.  Accumulation of hyporesponsive, calcium extruding memory T cells as a key feature of age-dependent immune dysfunction. , 1991, Clinical immunology and immunopathology.

[26]  M. Bellone,et al.  Experimental myasthenia gravis in congenic mice. Sequence mapping and H‐2 restriction of T helper epitopes on the α subunits of Torpedo californica and murine acetylcholine receptors , 1991, European journal of immunology.

[27]  M. Wood,et al.  The immune response to intracerebral neural grafts , 1991, Trends in Neurosciences.

[28]  D. Gurwitz,et al.  (+-)-cis-2-methyl-spiro(1,3-oxathiolane-5,3')quinuclidine, an M1 selective cholinergic agonist, attenuates cognitive dysfunctions in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. , 1991, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[29]  A. Faden,et al.  Pharmacological strategies in CNS trauma. , 1992, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[30]  K. Jovanova-Nesic,et al.  Locus ceruleus and immunity. II. Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and hypersensitivity skin reactions in rats with lesioned locus ceruleus. , 1993, The International journal of neuroscience.

[31]  T. Tsong,et al.  Recognition and processing of randomly fluctuating electric signals by Na,K-ATPase. , 1994, Biophysical journal.

[32]  H. Simon,et al.  Reactivity to novelty during youth as a predictive factor of cognitive impairment in the elderly: a longitudinal study in rats , 1994, Brain Research.

[33]  R. Sandyk.  Alzheimer's disease: improvement of visual memory and visuoconstructive performance by treatment with picotesla range magnetic fields. , 1994, The International journal of neuroscience.

[34]  T. Mcintosh,et al.  Fetal hippocampal transplants attenuate CA3 pyramidal cell death resulting from fluid percussion brain injury in the rat. , 1995, Journal of neurotrauma.

[35]  R. Sandyk.  Improvement in short-term visual memory by weak electromagnetic fields in Parkinson's disease. , 1995, The International journal of neuroscience.

[36]  F. Gage,et al.  Isolation, characterization, and use of stem cells from the CNS. , 1995, Annual review of neuroscience.

[37]  J. Wayne Streilein,et al.  Unraveling Immune Privilege , 1995, Science.

[38]  W. Hickey,et al.  Susceptibility to actively-induced murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is not linked to genes of the T cell receptor or CD3 complexes. , 1995, Autoimmunity.

[39]  L. Rakić,et al.  Behavioral and adaptive status in an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease in rats. , 1996, The International journal of neuroscience.

[40]  C B Mayhorn,et al.  Effect of age on event-based and time-based prospective memory. , 1997, Psychology and aging.

[41]  S. Dobrić,et al.  Open field behavior in nucleus basalis magnocellularis-lesioned rats treated with physostigmine and verapamil. , 1997, The International journal of neuroscience.

[42]  V. Kostic,et al.  Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis in the rat. , 1997, The International journal of neuroscience.

[43]  Anthony R. McIntosh,et al.  Age-Related Differences in Neural Activity during Memory Encoding and Retrieval: A Positron Emission Tomography Study , 1997, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[44]  G. Siegel,et al.  Age-Related Na,K-Atpase mRNA Expression and Alzheimer’s Disease , 1998 .

[45]  K. Savolainen,et al.  Interactions of excitatory neurotransmitters and xenobiotics in excitotoxicity and oxidative stress , 1998 .

[46]  H. Weiner,et al.  Antigen-driven regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. , 1998, Research in immunology.

[47]  M. Schwartz,et al.  Autoimmune maintenance and neuroprotection of the central nervous system , 1999, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

[48]  P. Froom,et al.  Apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 genotype predicts a poor outcome in survivors of traumatic brain injury. , 1999, Neurology.

[49]  C. Struys-Ponsar,et al.  Effects of Aluminum Exposure on Glutamate Metabolism: A Possible Explanation for Its Toxicity , 2000, Experimental Neurology.

[50]  R. Hohlfeld,et al.  Repertoire dynamics of autoreactive T cells in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy subjects: epitope spreading versus clonal persistence. , 2000, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[51]  M. Mattson,et al.  Presenilin-1 Mutation Increases Neuronal Vulnerability to Focal Ischemia In Vivo and to Hypoxia and Glucose Deprivation in Cell Culture: Involvement of Perturbed Calcium Homeostasis , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[52]  W. Markesbery,et al.  Ratio of 8-hydroxyguanine in intact DNA to free 8-hydroxyguanine is increased in Alzheimer disease ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. , 2001, Archives of neurology.

[53]  International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium.  Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome , 2001, Nature.

[54]  D. Bennett,et al.  Loss and atrophy of layer II entorhinal cortex neurons in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment , 2001, Annals of neurology.

[55]  J. Corwin,et al.  Nicotinic treatment of Alzheimer’s disease , 2001, Biological Psychiatry.

[56]  M. Blank,et al.  Optimal frequencies for magnetic acceleration of cytochrome oxidase and Na,K-ATPase reactions. , 2001, Bioelectrochemistry.

[57]  R. Schmidt,et al.  Early inflammation and dementia: A 25‐year follow‐up of the Honolulu‐Asia aging study , 2002, Annals of neurology.

[58]  Fergus I M Craik,et al.  Effects of time of day on age differences in working memory. , 2002, The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences.

[59]  Kelvin H. Lee,et al.  Studies of potential cerebrospinal fluid molecular markers for Alzheimer's disease , 2002, Electrophoresis.

[60]  D. Holtzman,et al.  Brain to Plasma Amyloid-β Efflux: a Measure of Brain Amyloid Burden in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease , 2002, Science.

[61]  Xin Wu,et al.  Immunization reverses memory deficits without reducing brain Aβ burden in Alzheimer's disease model , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.

[62]  W. Mcbride,et al.  Alcohol Stimulates the Release of Dopamine in the Ventral Pallidum but not in the Globus Pallidus: A Dual-Probe Microdialysis Study , 2003, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[63]  K. Davis,et al.  Effects of rofecoxib or naproxen vs placebo on Alzheimer disease progression: a randomized controlled trial. , 2003, JAMA.

[64]  Paul Dan Cristea,et al.  Large scale features in DNA genomic signals , 2003, Signal Process..

[65]  Hyejin Kang,et al.  Translational Control by MAPK Signaling in Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity and Memory , 2004, Cell.

[66]  A. Lazarevic,et al.  Applications of unsupervised neural networks in data mining , 2004, 7th Seminar on Neural Network Applications in Electrical Engineering, 2004. NEUREL 2004. 2004.

[67]  R. Goodman,et al.  Initial interactions in electromagnetic field‐induced biosynthesis , 2004, Journal of cellular physiology.

[68]  P. Cristea.  A model of chromosome longitudinal structure , 2004, 7th Seminar on Neural Network Applications in Electrical Engineering, 2004. NEUREL 2004. 2004.

[69]  D. Holtzman,et al.  Increased soluble amyloid-beta peptide and memory deficits in amyloid model mice overexpressing the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[70]  A. Lazarevic,et al.  Localized neural network based distributional learning for knowledge discovery in protein databases , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37541).

[71]  A. Amery,et al.  Erythrocyte cations and Na+,K+-ATPase pump activity in athletes and sedentary subjects , 2004, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[72]  P. Brundin,et al.  Temporal pattern of host responses against intrastriatal grafts of syngeneic, allogeneic or xenogeneic embryonic neuronal tissue in rats , 2004, Experimental Brain Research.

[73]  L. Rakić,et al.  Ethanol consumption affecting some brain proteins and cortical plasticity might disturb the neural networks of long-term memory , 2004, 7th Seminar on Neural Network Applications in Electrical Engineering, 2004. NEUREL 2004. 2004.

[74]  P.D. Cristea,et al.  Multiresolution phase analysis of genomic signals , 2004, First International Symposium on Control, Communications and Signal Processing, 2004..

[75]  L. Rakić,et al.  Changes in electrical activity of the cockroachBlatta orientalis L. brain induced by anti-lobster brain antibody , 1969, Experientia.

[76]  F. Gage,et al.  Maintaining the neuronal phenotype after injury in the adult CNS , 1995, Molecular Neurobiology.