Ordered mesoporous metal oxides: synthesis and applications.

Great progress has been made in the preparation and application of ordered mesoporous metal oxides during the past decade. However, the applications of these novel and interesting materials have not been reviewed comprehensively in the literature. In the current review we first describe different methods for the preparation of ordered mesoporous metal oxides; we then review their applications in energy conversion and storage, catalysis, sensing, adsorption and separation. The correlations between the textural properties of ordered mesoporous metal oxides and their specific performance are highlighted in different examples, including the rate of Li intercalation, sensing, and the magnetic properties. These results demonstrate that the mesoporosity has a direct impact on the properties and potential applications of such materials. Although the scope of the current review is limited to ordered mesoporous metal oxides, we believe that the information may be useful for those working in a number of fields.

[1]  Makoto Egashira,et al.  Gas-sensing properties of ordered mesoporous SnO2 and effects of coatings thereof , 2003 .

[2]  D. Bazin,et al.  Crystallization of β-MnO2 Nanowires in the Pores of SBA-15 Silicas: In Situ Investigation Using Synchrotron Radiation , 2004 .

[3]  Ladislav Kavan,et al.  Organized mesoporous TiO2 films exhibiting greatly enhanced performance in dye-sensitized solar cells. , 2005, Nano letters.

[4]  F. Schüth,et al.  Synthesis and magnetic investigation of ordered mesoporous two-line ferrihydrite. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[5]  Ying Wan,et al.  Ordered mesoporous non-oxide materials. , 2011, Chemical Society reviews.

[6]  J. Ying,et al.  A tri-continuous mesoporous material with a silica pore wall following a hexagonal minimal surface. , 2009, Nature chemistry.

[7]  Akira Taguchi,et al.  Ordered mesoporous materials in catalysis , 2005 .

[8]  M. Kümmel,et al.  Spherical MSU‐1 Mesoporous Silica Particles Tuned for HPLC , 2001 .

[9]  J. Tarascon,et al.  Nano-sized transition-metal oxides as negative-electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries , 2000, Nature.

[10]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Self-assembly and crystallization behavior of mesoporous, crystalline HfO2 thin films: a model system for the generation of mesostructured transition-metal oxides. , 2005, Small.

[11]  D. D. De Vos,et al.  Ordered mesoporous and microporous molecular sieves functionalized with transition metal complexes as catalysts for selective organic transformations. , 2002, Chemical reviews.

[12]  P. Bruce,et al.  Synthesis of ordered mesoporous Li-Mn-O spinel as a positive electrode for rechargeable lithium batteries. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[13]  M. Tiemann,et al.  Mesoporous CeO2 : Synthesis by nanocasting, characterisation and catalytic properties , 2007 .

[14]  Wuzong Zhou,et al.  Mesoporous single-crystal Co3O4 templated by cage-containing mesoporous silica. , 2007, Chemical communications.

[15]  K. Domen,et al.  Crystallization of Mesoporous Metal Oxides , 2008 .

[16]  Peter K. Dorhout,et al.  Template Synthesis of Near-Monodisperse 1 Microscale Nanofibers and Nanotubules of MoS 2 , 1998 .

[17]  Jiming Ma,et al.  Large-pore mesoporous silica spheres: synthesis and application in HPLC , 2003 .

[18]  S. Che,et al.  Formation of mesoporous Co3O4 replicas of different mesostructures with different pore sizes , 2009 .

[19]  Bozhi Tian,et al.  Nanostructured metal oxides synthesized by hard template method for gas sensing applications , 2005 .

[20]  Adrian H. Hill,et al.  Neutron Diffraction Study of Mesoporous and Bulk Hematite, α-Fe2O3 , 2008 .

[21]  Q. Lu,et al.  Synthesis of Crystalline Mesoporous CdS Semiconductor Nanoarrays Through a Mesoporous SBA‐15 Silica Template Technique , 2003 .

[22]  E. Marzbanrad,et al.  WO3-based NO2 sensors fabricated through low frequency AC electrophoretic deposition , 2010 .

[23]  D. Antonelli.  Synthesis and Mechanistic Studies of Sulfated Meso‐ and Microporous Zirconias with Chelating Carboxylate Surfactants , 1999 .

[24]  Capucine Sassoye,et al.  “Chimie douce”: A land of opportunities for the designed construction of functional inorganic and hybrid organic-inorganic nanomaterials , 2010, Comptes Rendus Chimie.

[25]  M. Trudeau,et al.  Room-temperature ammonia formation from dinitrogen on a reduced mesoporous titanium oxide surface with metallic properties. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[26]  D. Zhao,et al.  Synthesis of Self‐Supported Ordered Mesoporous Cobalt and Chromium Nitrides , 2008 .

[27]  D. Zhao,et al.  A facile aqueous route to synthesize highly ordered mesoporous polymers and carbon frameworks with Ia3d bicontinuous cubic structure. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[28]  F. Schüth,et al.  Pseudomorphic transformation of highly ordered mesoporous Co3O4 to CoO via reduction with glycerol. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[29]  D. Antonelli.  Synthesis of macro-mesoporous niobium oxide molecular sieves by a ligand-assisted vesicle templating strategy , 1999 .

[30]  Thorsten Wagner,et al.  Gas sensor based on ordered mesoporous In2O3 , 2009 .

[31]  M. Grätzel,et al.  A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films , 1991, Nature.

[32]  Mark E. Davis.  Ordered porous materials for emerging applications , 2002, Nature.

[33]  P. Wheatley,et al.  Gas storage in nanoporous materials. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[34]  P. Bruce,et al.  Influence of size on the rate of mesoporous electrodes for lithium batteries. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[35]  S. Tolbert,et al.  On the correlation between nanoscale structure and magnetic properties in ordered mesoporous cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) thin films. , 2010, Nano letters.

[36]  K. Domen,et al.  In Situ TEM Observation of Crystallization of Amorphous Ordered Mesoporous Nb−Ta and Mg−Ta Mixed Oxides , 2005 .

[37]  P. Bruce,et al.  Synthesis of ordered mesoporous NiO with crystalline walls and a bimodal pore size distribution. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[38]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Block Copolymer Assemblies as Templates for the Generation of Mesoporous Inorganic Materials and Crystalline Films , 2006 .

[39]  Bénédicte Lebeau,et al.  Chemical strategies to design textured materials: from microporous and mesoporous oxides to nanonetworks and hierarchical structures. , 2002, Chemical reviews.

[40]  P. Bruce,et al.  Mesoporous and nanowire Co3O4 as negative electrodes for rechargeable lithium batteries. , 2007, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[41]  D. Antonelli,et al.  Mesoporous transition metal oxides: characterization and applications in heterogeneous catalysis , 2009 .

[42]  Jiayan Luo,et al.  Ordered Mesoporous Spinel LiMn2O4 by a Soft-Chemical Process as a Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries , 2007 .

[43]  Sang Bok Lee,et al.  Nanotubular metal-insulator-metal capacitor arrays for energy storage. , 2009, Nature nanotechnology.

[44]  D. Zhao,et al.  Mesoporous Monocrystalline TiO2 and Its Solid-State Electrochemical Properties , 2009 .

[45]  O. Terasaki,et al.  Template synthesis of asymmetrically mesostructured platinum networks. , 2001, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[46]  C. Au,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted nanocasting fabrication and excellent catalytic performance of three-dimensionally ordered mesoporous chromia for the combustion of formaldehyde, acetone, and methanol , 2010 .

[47]  J. Dahn,et al.  Mechanically Alloyed Sn‐Fe(‐C) Powders as Anode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries: III. Sn2Fe : SnFe3 C Active/Inactive Composites , 1999 .

[48]  D. Zhao,et al.  Ordered mesoporous materials as adsorbents. , 2011, Chemical communications.

[49]  Jackie Y. Ying,et al.  SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS OF SUPRAMOLECULAR-TEMPLATED MESOPOROUS MATERIALS , 1999 .

[50]  T. Valdés-Solís,et al.  High-surface area inorganic compounds prepared by nanocasting techniques , 2006 .

[51]  Dongyuan Zhao,et al.  Synthesis of replica mesostructures by the nanocasting strategy , 2005 .

[52]  P. Ngoepe,et al.  Predicting the electrochemical properties of MnO2 nanomaterials used in rechargeable li batteries: simulating nanostructure at the atomistic level. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[53]  F. Schüth.  Endo- and exotemplating to create high-surface-area inorganic materials. , 2003, Angewandte Chemie.

[54]  D. Zhao,et al.  One‐Step Synthesis of Highly Ordered Mesoporous Silica Monoliths with Metal Oxide Nanocrystals in their Channels , 2005 .

[55]  M. Grätzel.  Photoelectrochemical cells : Materials for clean energy , 2001 .

[56]  John Wang,et al.  Ordered mesoporous alpha-MoO3 with iso-oriented nanocrystalline walls for thin-film pseudocapacitors. , 2010, Nature materials.

[57]  T. García,et al.  Deep oxidation of volatile organic compounds using ordered cobalt oxides prepared by a nanocasting route , 2010 .

[58]  L. Nazar,et al.  A Reversible Solid-State Crystalline Transformation in a Metal Phosphide Induced by Redox Chemistry , 2002, Science.

[59]  P. Bruce,et al.  Tailoring the pore size/wall thickness of mesoporous transition metal oxides , 2009 .

[60]  Taeghwan Hyeon,et al.  Recent Progress in the Synthesis of Porous Carbon Materials , 2006 .

[61]  Bradley F. Chmelka,et al.  Generalized syntheses of large-pore mesoporous metal oxides with semicrystalline frameworks , 1998, Nature.

[62]  Yūta Noda,et al.  Synthesis of Crystallized Mesoporous Tantalum Oxide and Its Photocatalytic Activity for Overall Water Splitting under Ultraviolet Light Irradiation , 2008 .

[63]  T. Ohzuku,et al.  Lithium Aluminum Manganese Oxide Having Spinel-Framework Structure for Long-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries , 2006 .

[64]  Martin Moskovits,et al.  Field emitters based on porous aluminum oxide templates , 1999 .

[65]  Zonghai Chen,et al.  Capacity Fade of Li1 + x Mn2 − x O4-Based Lithium-Ion Cells , 2006 .

[66]  Chun-Hua Yan,et al.  Ordered Mesoporous Ce1-xZrxO2 solid solutions with crystalline walls. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[67]  G. Ozin,et al.  Non-aqueous supramolecular assembly of mesostructured metal germanium sulphides from (Ge4S10)4− clusters , 1999, Nature.

[68]  P. He,et al.  Crystalline vanadium pentoxide with hierarchical mesopores and its capacitive behavior. , 2006, Chemistry, an Asian journal.

[69]  Wuzong Zhou,et al.  Formation mechanism of porous single-crystal Cr2O3 and Co3O4 templated by mesoporous silica , 2006 .

[70]  Y. Zhu,et al.  Mesoporous CeO2 and CuO-loaded mesoporous CeO2: Synthesis, characterization, and CO catalytic oxidation property , 2005, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials.

[71]  M. Trudeau,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of a new family of electroactive alkali metal doped mesoporous Nb, Ta, and Ti oxides and evidence for an Anderson transition in reduced mesoporous titanium oxide. , 2001, Inorganic chemistry.

[72]  G. Armatas,et al.  Nanocasting of ordered mesoporous Co3O4-based polyoxometalate composite frameworks , 2010 .

[73]  Feng Jiao,et al.  Mesoporous Crystalline β‐MnO2—a Reversible Positive Electrode for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries , 2007 .

[74]  F. Schüth,et al.  Ordered mesoporous materials , 1999 .

[75]  Galo J. A. A. Soler-Illia,et al.  Optimised photocatalytic activity of grid-like mesoporous TiO2 films: effect of crystallinity, pore size distribution, and pore accessibility , 2006 .

[76]  D. Zhao,et al.  α-Fe2O3 Nanowires. Confined Synthesis and Catalytic Hydroxylation of Phenol , 2003 .

[77]  Haoshen Zhou,et al.  Design and synthesis of self-ordered mesoporous nanocomposite through controlled in-situ crystallization , 2004, Nature materials.

[78]  M. Jaroniec,et al.  Modification of SBA-15 pore connectivity by high-temperature calcination investigated by carbon inverse replication , 2001 .

[79]  M. Tiemann,et al.  Iron oxide nanoparticles supported on mesoporous MgO and CeO2: A comparative physicochemical and catalytic study , 2008 .

[80]  Qian Liu,et al.  Ordered Crystalline Alumina Molecular Sieves Synthesized via a Nanocasting Route , 2006 .

[81]  P. Bruce,et al.  Factors Influencing the Rate of Fe2O3 Conversion Reaction , 2007 .

[82]  B. Tu,et al.  Ordered, Nanostructured Tin‐Based Oxides/Carbon Composite as the Negative‐Electrode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries , 2004 .

[83]  Junjie Kang,et al.  Sulfated mesoporous tantalum oxides in the shape selective synthesis of linear alkyl benzene. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[84]  F. Kleitz,et al.  Cubic Ia3d large mesoporous silica: synthesis and replication to platinum nanowires, carbon nanorods and carbon nanotubes. , 2003, Chemical communications.

[85]  M. Trudeau,et al.  Electroactive mesoporous tantalum oxide catalysts for nitrogen activation and ammonia synthesis. , 2006, Chemical communications.

[86]  A. Corma,et al.  A general method for the synthesis of nanostructured large-surface-area materials through the self-assembly of functionalized nanoparticles. , 2005, Chemistry.

[87]  Huanlei Wang,et al.  Influence of textural parameters on the catalytic behavior for CO oxidation over ordered mesoporous Co3O4 , 2010 .

[88]  M. Hartmann.  Ordered Mesoporous Materials for Bioadsorption and Biocatalysis , 2005 .

[89]  J. Maier,et al.  Nanoionics: ion transport and electrochemical storage in confined systems , 2005, Nature materials.

[90]  P. Bruce,et al.  Ordered mesoporous Fe2O3 with crystalline walls. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[91]  P. Bruce,et al.  Lithium intercalation into mesoporous anatase with an ordered 3D pore structure. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[92]  F. Schüth,et al.  Weakly Ferromagnetic Ordered Mesoporous Co3O4 Synthesized by Nanocasting from Vinyl‐Functionalized Cubic Ia3d Mesoporous Silica , 2005 .

[93]  A. Lu,et al.  Preparation of high-surface-area zinc oxide with ordered porosity, different pore sizes, and nanocrystalline walls. , 2007, Chemistry.

[94]  Meiqing Shen,et al.  Single-crystal-like titania mesocages. , 2011, Angewandte Chemie.

[95]  M. Comotti,et al.  Ordered mesoporous Co3O4 as highly active catalyst for low temperature CO-oxidation. , 2008, Chemical communications.

[96]  N. Zheng,et al.  Low-temperature, highly selective, gas-phase oxidation of benzyl alcohol over mesoporous K-Cu-TiO2 with stable copper(I) oxidation state. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[97]  Thorsten Wagner,et al.  Ordered Mesoporous In2O3: Synthesis by Structure Replication and Application as a Methane Gas Sensor , 2009 .

[98]  Michael Tiemann,et al.  Porous metal oxides as gas sensors. , 2007, Chemistry.

[99]  Ulrich Wiesner,et al.  Block copolymer based composition and morphology control in nanostructured hybrid materials for energy conversion and storage: solar cells, batteries, and fuel cells. , 2011, Chemical Society reviews.

[100]  Seokgwang Doo,et al.  Nano-propping effect of residual silicas on reversible lithium storage over highly ordered mesoporous SnO2 materials , 2009 .

[101]  G. Lu,et al.  Mesoporous Co3O4 and Au/Co3O4 catalysts for low-temperature oxidation of trace ethylene. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[102]  Jun Liu,et al.  Mesostructured vanadium oxide containing dodecylamine , 1997 .

[103]  S. J. Sanders,et al.  Treatment of zinc-contaminated water using a multistage ferrihydrite sorption system. , 2004, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[104]  S. Tsang,et al.  Crystalline three-dimensional cubic mesoporous niobium oxide , 2010 .

[105]  J. S. Beck,et al.  Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves synthesized by a liquid-crystal template mechanism , 1992, Nature.

[106]  John Wang,et al.  Pseudocapacitive contributions to charge storage in highly ordered mesoporous group V transition metal oxides with iso-oriented layered nanocrystalline domains. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[107]  P. Bruce,et al.  Two- and three-dimensional mesoporous iron oxides with microporous walls. , 2004, Angewandte Chemie.

[108]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Highly crystalline cubic mesoporous TiO₂ with 10-nm pore diameter made with a new block copolymer template , 2004 .

[109]  Robert J. Davis,et al.  Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity of Titania and Niobia Mesoporous Molecular Sieves , 1998 .

[110]  Jinwoo Lee,et al.  Direct access to thermally stable and highly crystalline mesoporous transition-metal oxides with uniform pores. , 2008, Nature materials.

[111]  Songhun Yoon,et al.  Ordered mesoporous WO3−X possessing electronically conductive framework comparable to carbon framework toward long-term stable cathode supports for fuel cells , 2010 .

[112]  K. Domen,et al.  Synthesis and Property of Mesoporous Tantalum Oxides , 2002 .

[113]  T. Brezesinski,et al.  Mesostructured crystalline ceria with a bimodal pore system using block copolymers and ionic liquids as rational templates , 2005 .

[114]  M. Trudeau,et al.  Mesoporous tantalum oxide photocatalysts for Schrauzer-type conversion of dinitrogen to ammonia , 2005 .

[115]  P. Bruce,et al.  Synthesis of ordered mesoporous Fe3O4 and gamma-Fe2O3 with crystalline walls using post-template reduction/oxidation. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[116]  John R. Owen,et al.  A High-Performance Supercapacitor/Battery Hybrid Incorporating Templated Mesoporous Electrodes , 2003 .

[117]  Mietek Jaroniec,et al.  Block-Copolymer-Templated Ordered Mesoporous Silica: Array of Uniform Mesopores or Mesopore−Micropore Network? , 2000 .

[118]  O. Terasaki,et al.  Direct observation of 3D mesoporous structure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM): SBA-15 silica and CMK-5 carbon. , 2003, Angewandte Chemie.

[119]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Controlled assembly of preformed ceria nanocrystals into highly ordered 3D nanostructures. , 2005, Small.

[120]  J. Lee,et al.  Field‐Dependent Growth Patterns of Metals Electroplated in Nanoporous Alumina Membranes , 2004 .

[121]  H. Snaith,et al.  Block copolymer morphologies in dye-sensitized solar cells: probing the photovoltaic structure-function relation. , 2009, Nano letters.

[122]  K. Domen,et al.  Synthesis and application for overall water splitting of transition metal-mixed mesoporous Ta oxide , 2002 .

[123]  Bei Wang,et al.  Highly ordered mesoporous cobalt oxide nanostructures: synthesis, characterisation, magnetic properties, and applications for electrochemical energy devices. , 2010, Chemistry.

[124]  Tae-Wan Kim,et al.  A synthetic route to ordered mesoporous carbon materials with graphitic pore walls. , 2003, Angewandte Chemie.

[125]  Bozhi Tian,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of Chromium‐Doped Mesoporous Tungsten Oxide for Gas Sensing Applications , 2007 .

[126]  C. Serre,et al.  Giant pores in a chromium 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate open-framework structure with MIL-101 topology. , 2009, Angewandte Chemie.

[127]  D. Zhao,et al.  Synthesis of highly ordered mesoporous crystalline WS(2) and MoS(2) via a high-temperature reductive sulfuration route. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[128]  F. Kleitz,et al.  Hard templating pathways for the synthesis of nanostructured porous Co₃O₄ , 2007 .

[129]  Ferdi Schüth,et al.  Non-siliceous Mesostructured and Mesoporous Materials† , 2001 .

[130]  P. Kulesza,et al.  Metal oxide photoanodes for solar hydrogen production , 2008 .

[131]  Wuzong Zhou,et al.  Preparation of three-dimensional chromium oxide porous single crystals templated by SBA-15. , 2003, Chemical communications.

[132]  Bradley F. Chmelka,et al.  Block Copolymer Templating Syntheses of Mesoporous Metal Oxides with Large Ordering Lengths and Semicrystalline Framework , 1999 .

[133]  P. Albouy,et al.  Periodically ordered nanoscale islands and mesoporous films composed of nanocrystalline multimetallic oxides , 2004, Nature materials.

[134]  K. C. Lee,et al.  Nanoparticle routes to mesoporous titania thin films. , 2001, Chemical communications.

[135]  Avelino Corma,et al.  From Microporous to Mesoporous Molecular Sieve Materials and Their Use in Catalysis. , 1997, Chemical reviews.

[136]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Non‐aqueous Synthesis of Tin Oxide Nanocrystals and Their Assembly into Ordered Porous Mesostructures , 2005 .

[137]  Jixue Li,et al.  Ordered mesoporous copper oxide with crystalline walls. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[138]  P. Bruce,et al.  Solid-solid conversion of ordered crystalline mesoporous metal oxides under reducing atmosphere , 2011 .

[139]  Jiayan Luo,et al.  Effect of Pore Structure on the Electrochemical Capacitive Performance of MnO2 , 2007 .

[140]  K. Domen,et al.  Synthesis of 2D-hexagonally ordered mesoporous niobium and tantalum mixed oxide , 2002 .

[141]  Pierre M. Petroff,et al.  Generalized synthesis of periodic surfactant/inorganic composite materials , 1994, Nature.

[142]  U. Wiesner,et al.  Block copolymer directed synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 for dye-sensitized solar cells , 2009 .

[143]  Jaephil Cho,et al.  Hard templating synthesis of mesoporous and nanowire SnO2 lithium battery anode materials , 2008 .

[144]  Wuzong Zhou,et al.  Crystallographic and magnetic studies of mesoporous eskolaite, Cr2O3 , 2010 .

[145]  Lei Zhang,et al.  Three-dimensionally ordered and wormhole-like mesoporous iron oxide catalysts highly active for the oxidation of acetone and methanol. , 2011, Journal of hazardous materials.

[146]  Jimmy C. Yu,et al.  A new visible-light photocatalyst: CdS quantum dots embedded mesoporous TiO2. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[147]  K. Domen,et al.  Synthesis of Highly Ordered Mesoporous Tantalum Oxide , 2005 .

[148]  B. Yue,et al.  Fabrication of metal oxide nanowires templated by SBA-15 with adsorption-precipitation method , 2007 .

[149]  B. Dunn,et al.  On the correlation between mechanical flexibility, nanoscale structure, and charge storage in periodic mesoporous CeO(2) thin films. , 2010, ACS nano.

[150]  J. Ying,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of phosphated mesoporous zirconium oxide , 1997 .

[151]  M. Trudeau,et al.  Sulfated and phosphated mesoporous Nb oxide in the benzylation of anisole and toluene by benzyl alcohol. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[152]  Craig A Grimes,et al.  Metal oxide nanoarchitectures for environmental sensing. , 2003, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[153]  Wuzong Zhou,et al.  Synthesis of Porous Single Crystals of Metal Oxides via a Solid−Liquid Route , 2007 .

[154]  Thorsten Wagner,et al.  Gas Sensing Properties of Ordered Mesoporous SnO2 , 2006, Sensors (Basel, Switzerland).

[155]  M. Trudeau,et al.  Compositional effects in Ru, Pd, Pt, and Rh-doped mesoporous tantalum oxide catalysts for ammonia synthesis. , 2007, Inorganic chemistry.

[156]  A. J. Frank,et al.  Electrons in nanostructured TiO2 solar cells: Transport, recombination and photovoltaic properties , 2004 .

[157]  J. Ying,et al.  Synthesis of Hexagonally Packed Mesoporous TiO2 by a Modified Sol–Gel Method , 1995 .

[158]  M. Tiemann,et al.  Synthesis of mesoporous magnesium oxide by CMK-3 carbon structure replication , 2006 .

[159]  Francesca Peiró,et al.  A Novel Mesoporous CaO‐Loaded In2O3 Material for CO2 Sensing , 2007 .

[160]  Yunfeng Lu,et al.  Mesoporous Au/TiO2 nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic activity. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[161]  Wuzong Zhou,et al.  Neutron powder diffraction and magnetic studies of mesoporous Co3O4 , 2011 .

[162]  R. Ryoo,et al.  Synthesis of thermally stable mesoporous cerium oxide with nanocrystalline frameworks using mesoporous silica templates. , 2003, Chemical communications.

[163]  Mao-wen Xu,et al.  Preparation of ordered mesoporous nickel oxide film electrodes via lyotropic liquid crystal templated electrodeposition route , 2008 .

[164]  Makoto Egashira,et al.  Preparation and gas-sensing properties of thermally stable mesoporous SnO2 , 2002 .

[165]  J. B. Higgins,et al.  A new family of mesoporous molecular sieves prepared with liquid crystal templates , 1992 .

[166]  P. Bruce,et al.  Nanomaterials for rechargeable lithium batteries. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[167]  Avelino Corma,et al.  Hierarchically mesostructured doped CeO2 with potential for solar-cell use , 2004, Nature materials.

[168]  B. Dunn,et al.  Templated nanocrystal-based porous TiO(2) films for next-generation electrochemical capacitors. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[169]  A. Goetzberger,et al.  Photovoltaic materials, history, status and outlook , 2003 .

[170]  Haoshen Zhou,et al.  Fabrication of Nano/Micro Hierarchical Fe2O3 ∕ Ni Micrometer-Wire Structure and Characteristics for High Rate Li Rechargeable Battery , 2006 .

[171]  K. Domen,et al.  Synthesis of crystallized mesoporous transition metal oxides by silicone treatment of the oxide precursor. , 2006, Chemical communications.

[172]  Wuzong Zhou,et al.  Preparation and characterization of three-dimensional mesoporous crystals of tungsten oxide , 2005 .

[173]  K. Unger,et al.  Synthesis of spherical porous silicas in the micron and submicron size range: challenges and opportunities for miniaturized high-resolution chromatographic and electrokinetic separations. , 2000, Journal of chromatography. A.

[174]  Junjie Kang,et al.  1-Hexene isomerization over sulfated mesoporous Ta oxide: the effects of active site and confinement. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[175]  P. Bruce,et al.  Mesoporous Mn2O3 and Mn3O4 with Crystalline Walls , 2007 .

[176]  Fredrickson,et al.  Triblock copolymer syntheses of mesoporous silica with periodic 50 to 300 angstrom pores , 1998, Science.

[177]  G. Armatas,et al.  Synthesis and acidic catalytic properties of ordered mesoporous alumina–tungstophosphoric acid composites , 2010 .

[178]  U. Wiesner,et al.  A bicontinuous double gyroid hybrid solar cell. , 2009, Nano letters.

[179]  Tsutomu Miyasaka,et al.  Tin-Based Amorphous Oxide: A High-Capacity Lithium-Ion-Storage Material , 1997 .

[180]  Mao-wen Xu,et al.  Electrodeposition and characterization of ordered mesoporous cobalt hydroxide films on different substrates for supercapacitors , 2009 .

[181]  J. Sann,et al.  Crystalline ZnO with an enhanced surface area obtained by nanocasting , 2007 .

[182]  D. Zhao,et al.  Controlled Synthesis of Ordered Mesoporous C−TiO2 Nanocomposites with Crystalline Titania Frameworks from Organic−Inorganic−Amphiphilic Coassembly† , 2008 .

[183]  Dongyuan Zhao,et al.  Ordered mesoporous polymers and homologous carbon frameworks: amphiphilic surfactant templating and direct transformation. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[184]  K. Klabunde,et al.  Solvent Effects in the Hydrolysis of Magnesium Methoxide, and the Production of Nanocrystalline Magnesium Hydroxide. An Aid in Understanding the Formation of Porous Inorganic Materials , 2005 .

[185]  J. Dahn,et al.  The Reaction of Lithium with Sn‐Mn‐C Intermetallics Prepared by Mechanical Alloying , 2000 .

[186]  D. Zhao,et al.  Biomolecule separation using large pore mesoporous SBA-15 as a substrate in high performance liquid chromatography. , 2002, Chemical communications.

[187]  Makoto Egashira,et al.  Design of Mesoporous Oxides as Semiconductor Gas Sensor Materials , 2003 .

[188]  Bozhi Tian,et al.  Facile synthesis and characterization of novel mesoporous and mesorelief oxides with gyroidal structures. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[189]  Y. Shimizu,et al.  Meso- to Macro-Porous Oxides as Semiconductor Gas Sensors , 2004 .

[190]  Yong‐Sheng Hu,et al.  Ordered mesoporous metallic MoO2 materials with highly reversible lithium storage capacity. , 2009, Nano letters.

[191]  Yunfeng Lu,et al.  Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly: Nanostructures Made Easy** , 1999 .

[192]  H. Ahn,et al.  Highly ordered mesoporous NiO anode material for lithium ion batteries with an excellent electrochemical performance , 2011 .

[193]  Xiao-hui Liu,et al.  Nanocasted Synthesis of Mesoporous LaCoO3 Perovskite with Extremely High Surface Area and Excellent Activity in Methane Combustion , 2008 .

[194]  P. Albouy,et al.  Thermally stable nanocrystalline gamma-alumina layers with highly ordered 3D mesoporosity. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[195]  Makoto Egashira,et al.  Mesoporous semiconducting oxides for gas sensor application , 2004 .

[196]  Feng Jiao,et al.  Synthesis of nanowire and mesoporous low-temperature LiCoO2 by a post-templating reaction. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[197]  Xiao-hui Liu,et al.  Mesoporous single-crystal Cr2O3: Synthesis, characterization, and its activity in toluene removal , 2008 .

[198]  Philip N. Bartlett,et al.  Mesoporous Platinum Films from Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Phases , 1997 .

[199]  M. Trudeau,et al.  Synthesis of a Stable Metallic Niobium Oxide Molecular Sieve and Subsequent Room Temperature Activation of Dinitrogen , 2002 .

[200]  M. Trudeau,et al.  Mesoporous Ta oxide reduced with bis(toluene)Ti: electronic properties and mechanistic considerations of nitrogen cleavage on the low valent surface , 2003 .

[201]  M. Jaroniec,et al.  Characterization of Ordered Mesoporous Carbons Synthesized Using MCM-48 Silicas as Templates , 2000 .

[202]  Jinwoo Lee,et al.  Ordered Mesoporous SnO2−Based Photoanodes for High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells , 2010 .

[203]  U. Wiesner,et al.  Control of Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell Performance by Block‐Copolymer‐Directed TiO2 Synthesis , 2010 .

[204]  Mietek Jaroniec,et al.  Synthesis of New, Nanoporous Carbon with Hexagonally Ordered Mesostructure , 2000 .

[205]  Stuart H. Taylor,et al.  The catalytic performance of mesoporous cerium oxides prepared through a nanocasting route for the total oxidation of naphthalene , 2010 .

[206]  Fan Zuo,et al.  Hard template synthesis of crystalline mesoporous anatase TiO2 for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution , 2010 .

[207]  Jiayan Luo,et al.  Highly Electrochemical Reaction of Lithium in the Ordered Mesoporosus β-MnO2 , 2006 .

[208]  P. Ngoepe,et al.  Simulating mechanical deformation in nanomaterials with application for energy storage in nanoporous architectures. , 2009, ACS nano.

[209]  M. Tiemann,et al.  Ordered mesoporous ZnO for gas sensing , 2007 .

[210]  Wuzong Zhou,et al.  Growth of porous single-crystal Cr2O3 in a 3-D mesopore system. , 2005, Chemical communications.

[211]  E. Rossinyol,et al.  Synthesis of compositionally graded nanocast NiO/NiCo2O4/Co3O4 mesoporous composites with tunable magnetic properties , 2010 .

[212]  Kirk J. Ziegler,et al.  Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanowire and Nanotube Arrays within a Mesoporous Silica Template , 2003 .

[213]  Josef Salbeck,et al.  Solid-state dye-sensitized mesoporous TiO2 solar cells with high photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies , 1998, Nature.

[214]  J. Ying,et al.  Ligand-Assisted Liquid Crystal Templating in Mesoporous Niobium Oxide Molecular Sieves. , 1996, Inorganic chemistry.

[215]  P. Bruce,et al.  Ordered Crystalline Mesoporous Oxides as Catalysts for CO Oxidation , 2009 .

[216]  Ping Liu,et al.  Non-silica periodic mesostructured materials: recent progress , 1997 .

[217]  Yasuhiro Sakamoto,et al.  Three-dimensional structure of large-pore mesoporous cubic Ia3d silica with complementary pores and its carbon replica by electron crystallography. , 2004, Angewandte Chemie.

[218]  R. Mokaya,et al.  Nanocasting of High Surface Area Mesoporous Ga2O3 and GaN Semiconductor Materials , 2009 .

[219]  A. B. Fuertes.  A general and low-cost synthetic route to high-surface area metal oxides through a silica xerogel template , 2005 .

[220]  B. Tu,et al.  General Synthesis of Ordered Crystallized Metal Oxide Nanoarrays Replicated by Microwave‐Digested Mesoporous Silica , 2003 .

[221]  Tae-Wan Kim,et al.  MCM-48-like large mesoporous silicas with tailored pore structure: facile synthesis domain in a ternary triblock copolymer-butanol-water system. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[222]  Ying Wan,et al.  On the controllable soft-templating approach to mesoporous silicates. , 2007, Chemical reviews.

[223]  Wuzong Zhou,et al.  Crystalline mesoporous metal oxide , 2008 .

[224]  Markus Antonietti,et al.  Highly crystalline WO3 thin films with ordered 3D mesoporosity and improved electrochromic performance. , 2006, Small.

[225]  Sang Hoon Joo,et al.  Synthesis of highly ordered carbon molecular sieves via template-mediated structural transformation , 1999 .

[226]  Palani Balaya,et al.  Fully Reversible Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Li Storage in RuO2 with High Capacity , 2003 .

[227]  Z. Su,et al.  Syntheses, Li Insertion, and Photoactivity of Mesoporous Crystalline TiO2 , 2009 .

[228]  T. Bein,et al.  A Covalent Organic Framework with 4 nm open poresw , 2010 .