Immune responses to measles and mumps vaccination of infants at 6, 9, and 12 months.

Immunizing infants against measles at the youngest age possible has the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality. The ability of infants at 6, 9, or 12 months to respond to measles and mumps vaccines was evaluated by measuring T cell proliferation, interferon-gamma production, and neutralizing antibody titers before and after vaccination. Infants in all age groups had equivalent cellular immune responses to measles or mumps viruses, with or without passive antibodies when immunized. In contrast, 6-month-old infants without passive antibodies had low geometric mean titers of antibody to measles or mumps viruses and low seroconversion rates. Geometric mean titers of antibody to measles virus increased if infants were revaccinated at 12 months. Six-month-old infants had limited humoral responses to paramyxovirus vaccines, whereas cellular immunity was equivalent to that of older infants. T cell responses can be established by immunization with these live attenuated virus vaccines during the first year, despite the presence of passive antibodies.

[1]  R. Feigin,et al.  Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , 1986 .

[2]  A. Yeager,et al.  Measles immunization. Successes and failures. , 1977, JAMA.

[3]  H. Whittle,et al.  Serologic status and measles attack rates among vaccinated and unvaccinated children in rural Senegal , 1995, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

[4]  L. Markowitz,et al.  Measles outbreaks in the United States, 1987 through 1990. , 1996, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

[5]  P. Lambert,et al.  Influence of maternal antibodies on vaccine responses: inhibition of antibody but not T cell responses allows successful early prime‐boost strategies in mice , 1998, European journal of immunology.

[6]  L. Notarangelo,et al.  Ineffective expression of CD40 ligand on cord blood T cells may contribute to poor immunoglobulin production in the newborn , 1994, European journal of immunology.

[7]  A. Enk,et al.  Interleukin‐12 is produced by dendritic cells and mediates T helper 1 development as well as interferon‐γ production by T helper 1 cells , 1996, European journal of immunology.

[8]  D. Griffin,et al.  Pathogenesis of measles virus infection: an hypothesis for altered immune responses. , 1994, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[9]  F. Polack,et al.  Erratum: Successful DNA immunization against measles: Neutralizing antibody against either the hemagglutinin or fusion glycoprotein protects rhesus macaques without evidence of atypical measles (Nature Medicine (2000) 6 (776-781)) , 2000 .

[10]  D. Lewis,et al.  Decreased production of interferon-gamma by human neonatal cells. Intrinsic and regulatory deficiencies. , 1986, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[11]  A. Osterhaus,et al.  Protective immunity in macaques vaccinated with live attenuated, recombinant, and subunit measles vaccines in the presence of passively acquired antibodies. , 1997, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[12]  W. Bellini,et al.  Generation of defective interfering particles by two vaccine strains of measles virus. , 1996, Virology.

[13]  F. Polack,et al.  Successful DNA immunization against measles: Neutralizing antibody against either the hemagglutinin or fusion glycoprotein protects rhesus macaques without evidence of atypical measles , 2000, Nature Medicine.

[14]  P. Perlmann,et al.  Immunosuppression after measles vaccination , 1994, Acta paediatrica.

[15]  C. Siegrist.  Potential advantages and risks of nucleic acid vaccines for infant immunization. , 1997, Vaccine.

[16]  R. Petty,et al.  Studies of human cord blood dendritic cells: evidence for functional immaturity. , 1994, Blood.

[17]  D. Griffin,et al.  Changes in cytokine production after measles virus vaccination: predominant production of IL-4 suggests induction of a Th2 response. , 1993, Clinical immunology and immunopathology.

[18]  G. Hussey,et al.  Changes within T cell receptor V beta subsets in infants following measles vaccination. , 1996, Clinical immunology and immunopathology.

[19]  J. Banchereau,et al.  Activation of human dendritic cells through CD40 cross-linking , 1994, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[20]  H. Stelfox,et al.  Kinetics of immunologic responses after primary MMR vaccination. , 1997, Vaccine.

[21]  B. Hersh,et al.  Measles eradication: experience in the Americas. , 1998, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[22]  Y. Maldonado,et al.  IL-12, IFN-gamma, and T cell proliferation to measles in immunized infants. , 1999, Journal of immunology.

[23]  P. Albrecht,et al.  Role of virus strain in conventional and enhanced measles plaque neutralization test. , 1981, Journal of virological methods.

[24]  P. Aaby,et al.  Measles immunization research: a review. , 1989, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[25]  G. Trinchieri,et al.  Mechanism of Suppression of Cell-Mediated Immunity by Measles Virus , 1996, Science.

[26]  Robert T. Chen,et al.  Measles antibody: reevaluation of protective titers. , 1990, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[27]  D. Griffin,et al.  Immune activation in measles. , 1989, The New England journal of medicine.

[28]  B. Ward,et al.  Development and durability of measles antigen-specific lymphoproliferative response after MMR vaccination. , 2000, Vaccine.

[29]  I. Berberich,et al.  CD40 and its ligand in the regulation of humoral immunity. , 1994, Seminars in immunology.

[30]  R. Zinkernagel,et al.  CD40-CD40 ligand interactions are critical in T-B cooperation but not for other anti-viral CD4+ T cell functions , 1996, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[31]  Y. Maldonado,et al.  Early loss of passive measles antibody in infants of mothers with vaccine-induced immunity. , 1995, Pediatrics.

[32]  D. Griffin.  Immune responses during measles virus infection. , 1995, Current topics in microbiology and immunology.

[33]  D. Nalin,et al.  Immune response to measles vaccine in 6-month-old infants of measles seronegative mothers. , 1998, Vaccine.

[34]  L. Finelli,et al.  Increased Susceptibility to Measles in Infants in the United States , 1999, Pediatrics.

[35]  Y. Maldonado,et al.  Deficiency of the humoral immune response to measles vaccine in infants immunized at age 6 months. , 1998, JAMA.

[36]  P. Aaby,et al.  Vaccinated children get milder measles infection: a community study from Guinea-Bissau. , 1986, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[37]  V. Gadag,et al.  Comparison of commercial enzyme immunoassay kits with plaque reduction neutralization test for detection of measles virus antibody , 1995, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[38]  A. Heath,et al.  Assay of humoral immunity to mumps virus. , 1999, Journal of virological methods.

[39]  J. Klein,et al.  Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant , 1983 .

[40]  A. Sabin,et al.  Successful immunization of infants with and without maternal antibody by aerosolized measles vaccine. II. Vaccine comparisons and evidence for multiple antibody response. , 1984, JAMA.

[41]  Octavio Gómez Dantés,et al.  The World Health Report 1999. Making a Difference , 1999 .

[42]  P. Rhodes,et al.  Changing levels of measles antibody titers in women and children in the United States: impact on response to vaccination. Kaiser Permanente Measles Vaccine Trial Team. , 1996, Pediatrics.

[43]  L. Notarangelo,et al.  Ontogeny of CD40 expression by activated peripheral blood lymphocytes in humans , 1996 .

[44]  F. Cutts,et al.  The epidemiology of measles: thirty years of vaccination. , 1995, Current topics in microbiology and immunology.