III Nonimaging Optics for Flux Concentration

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the nonimaging optics for flux concentration. The chapter discusses the developments in the geometrical optics and physical optics of concentrators. Two-dimensional systems using mirrors are designed as theoretically perfect concentrators. Refracting elements play an auxiliary role in nonimaging concentrators. 3D systems are concentrators with axial symmetry. Reflecting surfaces are essential for achieving a near approach to ideal concentrator performance. Refracting components play a useful part in making concentrators more compact and more convenient to combine with other optical elements. The chapter discusses the second-stage optics and truncation. The simplest nonspecular form of reflection is Lambertian, in which the angular distribution of the reflected light is that of black-body radiation for any angle of incidence. The edge-ray principle and the associated idea of maximum slope have led to many useful concentrator designs, but they do not show how the jumble of rays from multiple reflections inside a concentrator eventually yields a Lambertian or near-Lambertian output. The geometrical vector flux formalism helps to understand this process. The chapter discusses the attempts that have been made to extend the ideas of nonimaging optics beyond the geometrical optics model.

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