QoS Routing Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks

This chapter proposes a LinkReliability based Two-HopRouting protocol forWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The protocol achieves to reduce packet deadline miss ratio (DMR) while considering link reliability, two-hop delay, and power efficiency and utilizes memory and computational effective methods for estimating the link metrics. Numerical results provide insights that the protocol has a lower packet deadline miss ratio and results in longer sensor network lifetime. The results show that the proposed protocol is a feasible solution to the QoS routing problem in WSNs that support real-time applications.

[1]  Anis Laouiti,et al.  Multipoint Relaying: An Efficient Technique for Flooding in Mobile Wireless Networks , 2000 .

[2]  Wenfeng Li,et al.  A QoS-based Adaptive Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2006, 2006 International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation.

[3]  Longfei Wu,et al.  Energy and Delay Minimization in Cluster-Based Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Green Computing and Communications.

[4]  Anthony G. Rowe,et al.  FireFly : A Cross-Layer Platform for Real-Time Sensor Networks , 2007 .

[5]  Youngmin Kim,et al.  Y-MAC: An Energy-Efficient Multi-channel MAC Protocol for Dense Wireless Sensor Networks , 2008, 2008 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (ipsn 2008).

[6]  Petri Mähönen,et al.  Cross-layer energy analysis of multihop wireless sensor networks , 2005, Proceeedings of the Second European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks, 2005..

[7]  Fei Du,et al.  An Improvement of LEACH Routing Protocol Based on Trust for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2009, 2009 5th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing.

[8]  Kyeong Hur,et al.  Energy-efficient and rapid time synchronization for wireless sensor networks , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.

[9]  Sushil Jajodia,et al.  Attack-resilient hierarchical data aggregation in sensor networks , 2006, SASN '06.

[10]  Sagar Naik,et al.  A node-cooperative ARQ scheme for wireless ad hoc networks , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[11]  Aggelos Bletsas,et al.  A simple Cooperative diversity method based on network path selection , 2005, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[12]  Peng-Jun Wan,et al.  Distributed Construction of Connected Dominating Set in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks , 2002, Proceedings.Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.

[13]  Bhaskar Krishnamachari,et al.  An adaptive energy-efficient and low-latency MAC for data gathering in wireless sensor networks , 2004, 18th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, 2004. Proceedings..

[14]  Bruce W. Suter,et al.  Novel Clock Phase Offset and Skew Estimation Using Two-Way Timing Message Exchanges for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[15]  Yann Labit,et al.  An energy-efficient clock synchronization protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010, 2010 IFIP Wireless Days.

[16]  David B. Johnson,et al.  Routing in Ad Hoc Networks of Mobile Hosts , 1994, 1994 First Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications.

[17]  Davide Brunelli,et al.  Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[18]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Cross-Layer Quality of Service Support for UWB Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks , 2008, IEEE INFOCOM 2008 - The 27th Conference on Computer Communications.

[19]  Victor C. M. Leung,et al.  Directional geographical routing for real-time video communications in wireless sensor networks , 2007, Comput. Commun..

[20]  Zhihui Chen,et al.  Self organization and energy efficient TDMA MAC protocol by wake up for wireless sensor networks , 2004, 2004 First Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, 2004. IEEE SECON 2004..

[21]  Bhaskar Krishnamachari,et al.  Max-min fair collision-free scheduling for wireless sensor networks , 2004, IEEE International Conference on Performance, Computing, and Communications, 2004.

[22]  Yu-Chee Tseng,et al.  Adaptive approaches to relieving broadcast storms in a wireless multihop mobile ad hoc network , 2001, Proceedings 21st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems.

[23]  Yoon-Hwa Choi,et al.  Fault detection of wireless sensor networks , 2008, Comput. Commun..

[24]  A. Mojoodi,et al.  Redundancy Effect on Fault Tolerance in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2011 .

[25]  K. R. Venugopal,et al.  ETXTD: ETX and RTT Delay Based Fault Detection Algorithm for WSNs , 2020 .

[26]  David E. Culler,et al.  Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks , 2004, SenSys '04.

[27]  Yunghsiang Sam Han,et al.  Adaptive Retransmission for Distributed Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2006, IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing (SUTC'06).

[28]  K. R. Venugopal,et al.  Fault Tolerant QoS Adaptive Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2014 .

[29]  K. R. Venugopal,et al.  ERRAP: Efficient Retransmission Qos-Aware MAC Scheme for WSNs , 2020 .

[30]  Byungrak Son,et al.  Development of an Automatic People-Counting and Environment Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor Network in Real Time; To realize in Korea Mountains , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering (MUE'07).

[31]  Mario Gerla,et al.  Multicluster, mobile, multimedia radio network , 1995, Wirel. Networks.

[32]  Srinivasan Seshan,et al.  Synopsis diffusion for robust aggregation in sensor networks , 2004, SenSys '04.

[33]  Mani B. Srivastava,et al.  Estimating Clock Uncertainty for Efficient Duty-Cycling in Sensor Networks , 2005, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[34]  Ji-Yan Zou,et al.  Passive cluster-based multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2013, Wirel. Networks.

[35]  Wendi Heinzelman,et al.  Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences- 2000 Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks , 2022 .

[36]  Athanasios V. Vasilakos,et al.  Tight Performance Bounds of Multihop Fair Access for MAC Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks and Underwater Sensor Networks , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[37]  C C. Chiang,et al.  Routing in Clustered Multihop, Mobile Wireless Networks With Fading Channel , 1997 .

[38]  Jeffrey Considine,et al.  Approximate aggregation techniques for sensor databases , 2004, Proceedings. 20th International Conference on Data Engineering.

[39]  Ness B. Shroff,et al.  Optimal Sleep/Wake Scheduling for Time-Synchronized Sensor Networks With QoS Guarantees , 2006, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[40]  Youxian Sun,et al.  Enhancing Real-Time Delivery in Wireless Sensor Networks With Two-Hop Information , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[41]  Raviraj S. Adve,et al.  Relay Selection for Low-Complexity Coded Cooperation , 2007, IEEE GLOBECOM 2007 - IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.

[42]  Lian Zhao,et al.  A hierarchical clustering-based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks supporting multiple data aggregation qualities , 2008, Int. J. Sens. Networks.

[43]  Utz Roedig,et al.  Implementation of a MAC protocol for QoS support in wireless sensor networks , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications.

[44]  J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves,et al.  Collision avoidance and resolution multiple access for multichannel wireless networks , 2000, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2000. Conference on Computer Communications. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No.00CH37064).

[45]  Qun Li,et al.  Global Clock Synchronization in Sensor Networks , 2006, IEEE Trans. Computers.

[46]  Sencun Zhu,et al.  SDAP: a secure hop-by-Hop data aggregation protocol for sensor networks , 2006, MobiHoc '06.

[47]  Joseph M. Hellerstein,et al.  Proof Sketches: Verifiable In-Network Aggregation , 2007, 2007 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Data Engineering.

[48]  K.R. Venugopal,et al.  Routing Protocol for Lifetime Maximization of Wireless Sensor Networks , 2006, 2006 International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communications.

[49]  Robert Tappan Morris,et al.  a high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing , 2003, MobiCom '03.

[50]  K. Yıldırım.  CLOCK SYNCHRONIZATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS , 2012 .

[51]  Özlem Durmaz Incel,et al.  Multi-channel Support for Dense Wireless Sensor Networking , 2006, EuroSSC.

[52]  Andrea Fumagalli,et al.  Saturation Throughput Gain in Fixed Multiplexing Radio Networks with Cooperative Retransmission Protocols , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[53]  Ossama Younis,et al.  HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[54]  Arbee L. P. Chen,et al.  Energy Efficient Schemes for Accuracy-Guaranteed Sensor Data Aggregation Using Scalable Counting , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering.

[55]  Inbum Jung,et al.  Speedy Routing Recovery Protocol for Large Failure Tolerance in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010, Sensors.

[56]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing , 2001, RFC.

[57]  Jeng-Shyang Pan,et al.  Fault Node Recovery Algorithm for a Wireless Sensor Network , 2013, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[58]  Timo Hämäläinen,et al.  A Survey of Application Distribution in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2005, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[59]  Ravi Prakash,et al.  Max-min d-cluster formation in wireless ad hoc networks , 2000, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2000. Conference on Computer Communications. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No.00CH37064).

[60]  Philippe Flajolet,et al.  Probabilistic Counting Algorithms for Data Base Applications , 1985, J. Comput. Syst. Sci..

[61]  Yi Qian,et al.  Increasing the Throughput of Wireless LANs Via Cooperative Retransmission , 2007, IEEE GLOBECOM 2007 - IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.

[62]  Fabien Mieyeville,et al.  Towards a taxonomy of simulation tools for wireless sensor networks , 2010, SimuTools.

[63]  Sang-Ha Kim,et al.  Effective retransmission scheme for supporting Communication Reliability in sensor networks , 2010, 21st Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[64]  Arbee L. P. Chen,et al.  Efficient and robust sensor data aggregation using linear counting sketches , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing.

[65]  Koen Langendoen,et al.  An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2003, SenSys '03.

[66]  Saurabh Ganeriwal,et al.  Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks , 2003, SenSys '03.

[67]  Shu Du,et al.  RMAC: A Routing-Enhanced Duty-Cycle MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2007, IEEE INFOCOM 2007 - 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.

[68]  Anantha P. Chandrakasan,et al.  An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks , 2002, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun..

[69]  K. R. Venugopal,et al.  Wireless Sensor Networks Applications and Routing Protocols: Survey and Research Challenges , 2012, 2012 International Symposium on Cloud and Services Computing.

[70]  Weihua Zhuang,et al.  Statistical QoS routing for IEEE 802.11 multihop ad hoc networks , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[71]  Pabitra Mohan Khilar,et al.  Online Distributed Fault Diagnosis in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2013, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[72]  Jalel Ben-Othman,et al.  An Energy Efficient Priority-Based QoS MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[73]  Chengdong Wu,et al.  A Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Routing Protocol of Wireless Sensor Networks , 2011, 2011 7th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing.

[74]  Ahmad Khademzadeh,et al.  Fault Detection and Recovery in Wireless Sensor Network Using Clustering , 2011 .

[75]  Jitendra Padhye,et al.  Comparison of routing metrics for static multi-hop wireless networks , 2004, SIGCOMM '04.

[76]  Sushil Jajodia,et al.  Secure Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2008 .

[77]  Cauligi S. Raghavendra,et al.  PEGASIS: Power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems , 2002, Proceedings, IEEE Aerospace Conference.

[78]  Urbashi Mitra,et al.  Cognitive interference management in retransmission-based wireless networks , 2009, 2009 47th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton).

[79]  Zehua Wang,et al.  Local cooperative relay for opportunistic data forwarding in mobile ad-hoc networks , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[80]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Sensor Networks , 2002, Encyclopedia of GIS.

[81]  Reza Monsefi,et al.  A multi-objective genetic algorithm based approach for energy efficient QoS-routing in two-tiered Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010, IEEE 5th International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing 2010.

[82]  Chong-Kwon Kim,et al.  Flooding in wireless ad hoc networks , 2001, Comput. Commun..

[83]  Huazhong Yang,et al.  A precision adaptive average time synchronization protocol in wireless sensor networks , 2008, 2008 International Conference on Information and Automation.

[84]  Guoqiang Mao,et al.  Optimal Strategies for Cooperative MAC-Layer Retransmission in Wireless Networks , 2008, 2008 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.

[85]  Iqbal Gondal,et al.  Cross layer modeling of contention-based MAC and deterministic routing protocols in multi-hop WSNs , 2011, The International Conference on Information Networking 2011 (ICOIN2011).

[86]  Moslem Noori,et al.  Lifetime Analysis of Random Event-Driven Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[87]  Ashutosh Bhatia,et al.  A cluster based minimum battery cost AODV routing using multipath route for zigbee , 2008, 2008 16th IEEE International Conference on Networks.

[88]  Makoto Takizawa,et al.  A Survey on Clustering Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010, 2010 13th International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems.

[89]  Rudra Dutta,et al.  An Adaptive Ad-hoc Self-Organizing Scheduling for Quasi-Periodic Sensor Traffic , 2004 .

[90]  Katia Obraczka,et al.  Energy-efficient collision-free medium access control for wireless sensor networks , 2003, SenSys '03.

[91]  Marwan Krunz,et al.  Single-Link Failure Detection in All-Optical Networks Using Monitoring Cycles and Paths , 2009, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[92]  Abraham O. Fapojuwo,et al.  A centralized energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2005, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[93]  Isabelle Guérin Lassous,et al.  Improving Accuracy in Available Bandwidth Estimation for IEEE 802.11-based Ad Hoc Networks , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems.

[94]  Dong-Sung Kim,et al.  An energy efficient clustering in heterogeneous wireless sensor and actuators networks , 2012, 2012 IEEE Globecom Workshops.

[95]  Tracy Camp,et al.  Comparison of broadcasting techniques for mobile ad hoc networks , 2002, MobiHoc '02.

[96]  Ing-Ray Chen,et al.  Adaptive Fault-Tolerant QoS Control Algorithms for Maximizing System Lifetime of Query-Based Wireless Sensor Networks , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing.

[97]  Wei Peng,et al.  A Cluster-Based QoS Multipath Routing Protocol for Large-Scale MANET , 2005, HPCC.

[98]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation Fine-grained Network Time Synchronization Using Reference Broadcasts , 2022 .

[99]  A. Ephremides,et al.  A design concept for reliable mobile radio networks with frequency hopping signaling , 1987, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[100]  V. Loscri,et al.  A two-levels hierarchy for low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (TL-LEACH) , 2005, VTC-2005-Fall. 2005 IEEE 62nd Vehicular Technology Conference, 2005..

[101]  Prasun Sinha,et al.  Structure-Free Data Aggregation in Sensor Networks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[102]  Wang Ruchuan,et al.  Clustered-Control Algorithm for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network Communications , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Communications and Mobile Computing.

[103]  K. R. Venugopal,et al.  QMSR: Qos Multi-hop Sensor Routing Cross-Layer Design for WSNs , 2020 .

[104]  Aria Nosratinia,et al.  Cognitive Radio Protocols Based on Exploiting Hybrid ARQ Retransmissions , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[105]  Paul J. M. Havinga,et al.  Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks , 2005, Embedded Systems Handbook.

[106]  John S. Heidemann,et al.  Ultra-low duty cycle MAC with scheduled channel polling , 2006, SenSys '06.

[107]  Yang Jing,et al.  A cluster-based multipath delivery scheme for wireless sensor networks , 2009, 2009 2nd IEEE International Conference on Broadband Network & Multimedia Technology.

[108]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Wireless sensor networks: a survey , 2002, Comput. Networks.

[109]  Zaher Dawy,et al.  Energy-Efficient Cooperative Video Distribution with Statistical QoS Provisions over Wireless Networks , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[110]  I.A. Essa,et al.  Ubiquitous sensing for smart and aware environments , 2000, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[111]  E. Nett,et al.  Continuous clock synchronization in wireless real-time applications , 2000, Proceedings 19th IEEE Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems SRDS-2000.

[112]  Zhichang Qi,et al.  PR-MAC: Path-Oriented Real-Time MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network , 2007, ICESS.

[113]  David Tse,et al.  Mobility increases the capacity of ad hoc wireless networks , 2002, TNET.

[114]  M.D. Jovanovic,et al.  TFMAC: Multi-channel MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2007, 2007 8th International Conference on Telecommunications in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Services.

[115]  Moufida Maimour,et al.  Node disjoint multi-path routing for ZigBee cluster-tree wireless sensor networks , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems.

[116]  Siba Mitra,et al.  Energy aware fault tolerant framework in Wireless Sensor Network , 2014, 2014 Applications and Innovations in Mobile Computing (AIMoC).

[117]  Olaf Landsiedel,et al.  MobiSense: Power-efficient micro-mobility in wireless sensor networks , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems and Workshops (DCOSS).

[118]  N. Noury,et al.  Monitoring behavior in home using a smart fall sensor and position sensors , 2000, 1st Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology. Proceedings (Cat. No.00EX451).

[119]  Arbee L. P. Chen,et al.  Efficient and Robust Schemes for Sensor Data Aggregation Based on Linear Counting , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[120]  S. Papavassiliou,et al.  Diagnosing Anomalies and Identifying Faulty Nodes in Sensor Networks , 2007, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[121]  Nauman Aslam,et al.  Worst case bounds of a cluster-based MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2012, Wireless Telecommunications Symposium 2012.

[122]  I. Chlamtac,et al.  ADAPT: a dynamically self-adjusting media access control protocol for ad hoc-networks , 1999, Seamless Interconnection for Universal Services. Global Telecommunications Conference. GLOBECOM'99. (Cat. No.99CH37042).

[123]  Panganamala Ramana Kumar,et al.  RHEINISCH-WESTFÄLISCHE TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE AACHEN , 2001 .

[124]  Robin Braun,et al.  On Wireless Sensor Networks: Architectures, Protocols, Applications, and Management , 2007 .

[125]  Tommy W. S. Chow,et al.  Probabilistic fault detector for Wireless Sensor Network , 2014, Expert Syst. Appl..

[126]  Suman Nath,et al.  Secure outsourced aggregation via one-way chains , 2009, SIGMOD Conference.

[127]  Lui Sha,et al.  Real-time communication and coordination in embedded sensor networks , 2003, Proc. IEEE.

[128]  Guangzhong Liu,et al.  A new multi-path routing protocol based on cluster for underwater acoustic sensor networks , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Multimedia Technology.

[129]  Haifeng Yu,et al.  DoS-resilient secure aggregation queries in sensor networks , 2007, PODC '07.

[130]  Yuan Xue,et al.  Dynamic Tuning Retransmission Limit of IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol for Networked Control Systems , 2010, 2010 IEEE/ACM Int'l Conference on Green Computing and Communications & Int'l Conference on Cyber, Physical and Social Computing.

[131]  Milos Blagojevic,et al.  MCMAC: An Optimized Medium Access Control Protocol for Mobile Clusters in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010, 2010 7th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON).

[132]  Frank Y. Li,et al.  An optimal energy efficient cooperative retransmission MAC scheme in wireless networks , 2011, 2011 2nd International Conference on Wireless Communication, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace & Electronic Systems Technology (Wireless VITAE).

[133]  Weihua Zhuang,et al.  Stochastic delay guarantees and statistical call admission control for IEEE 802.11 single-hop ad hoc networks , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[134]  Der-Cherng Liaw,et al.  Simulation and experimental analysis of a ZigBee sensor network with fault detection and reconfiguration mechanism , 2011, 2011 8th Asian Control Conference (ASCC).

[135]  Thomas Watteyne,et al.  Dual-mode real-time MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks: a validation/simulation approach , 2006, InterSense '06.

[136]  Yang Yang,et al.  An Uncertainty-Based Distributed Fault Detection Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2014, Sensors.

[137]  Charles E. Perkins,et al.  Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers , 1994, SIGCOMM.

[138]  Dapeng Wu,et al.  Effective capacity-based quality of service measures for wireless networks , 2004, First International Conference on Broadband Networks.

[139]  T. Nandagopal,et al.  The Broadcast Storm Problem in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network , 1999, MobiCom 1999.

[140]  Vaduvur Bharghavan,et al.  Routing in ad hoc networks using a spine , 1997, Proceedings of Sixth International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks.

[141]  Jianfei Cai,et al.  An efficient network coding based retransmission algorithm for wireless multicast , 2009, 2009 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[142]  Ravindra Navanath Duche,et al.  Sensor Node Failure Detection Based on Round Trip Delay and Paths in WSNs , 2014, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[143]  Azer Bestavros,et al.  SEP: A Stable Election Protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks , 2004 .

[144]  L M Patnaik,et al.  A flat routing protocol for sensor networks , 2009, 2009 Proceeding of International Conference on Methods and Models in Computer Science (ICM2CS).

[145]  Taek Jin Kwon,et al.  Energy Aware Passive Clustering in Wireless Mobile Networks , 2008, 2008 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference.

[146]  Cem Ersoy,et al.  MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: a survey , 2006, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[147]  Songwu Lu,et al.  Secure Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2006, 2006 3rd International Conference on Broadband Communications, Networks and Systems.

[148]  Elizabeth M. Belding-Royer,et al.  PAC: perceptive admission control for mobile wireless networks , 2004, First International Conference on Quality of Service in Heterogeneous Wired/Wireless Networks.

[149]  Vaduvur Bharghavan,et al.  Routing in ad-hoc networks using minimum connected dominating sets , 1997, Proceedings of ICC'97 - International Conference on Communications.

[150]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Scalable Coordination for Wireless Sensor Networks: Self-Configuring Localization Systems , 2001 .

[151]  Jing Feng,et al.  A QoS Enhanced Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2011, 2011 Proceedings of 20th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN).

[152]  Gyula Simon,et al.  The flooding time synchronization protocol , 2004, SenSys '04.

[153]  Jan M. Rabaey,et al.  Lightweight time synchronization for sensor networks , 2003, WSNA '03.

[154]  Robert Tappan Morris,et al.  a high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing , 2005, Wirel. Networks.

[155]  Jamal N. Al-Karaki,et al.  A Secure Cluster-Based Multipath Routing Protocol for WMSNs , 2011, Sensors.

[156]  Naixue Xiong,et al.  Multi-layer clustering routing algorithm for wireless vehicular sensor networks , 2010, IET Commun..

[157]  Alagan Anpalagan,et al.  Versatile medium access control (VMAC) protocol for mobile sensor networks , 2011, 2011 7th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference.

[158]  Dimitrios Makrakis,et al.  Sensor-based information appliances , 2000 .

[159]  I.F. Akyildiz,et al.  A Cross-Layer Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2006, 2006 40th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems.

[160]  K. R. Venugopal,et al.  EPC: Efficient Gateway Selection for Passive Clustering in MWSNs , 2020 .

[161]  Holger Karl,et al.  Efficient cooperative relaying in wireless multi-hop networks with commodity WiFi hardware , 2012, 2012 10th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc and Wireless Networks (WiOpt).

[162]  Jie Wu,et al.  On reducing broadcast redundancy in ad hoc wireless networks , 2002, 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2003. Proceedings of the.

[163]  Jing Wang,et al.  Two-hop time synchronization protocol for sensor networks , 2014, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[164]  Edward J. Coyle,et al.  Minimizing communication costs in hierarchically-clustered networks of wireless sensors , 2004, Comput. Networks.

[165]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Time-diffusion synchronization protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2005, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[166]  Mario Gerla,et al.  EFFICIENT FLOODING IN AD HOC NETWORKS USING ON-DEMAND (PASSIVE) CLUSTER FORMATION , 2003 .

[167]  Chunming Qiao,et al.  A novel Qos-aware MAC scheme using optimal retransmission for wireless networks , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[168]  Lu Xi.  A Cluster-Based QoS Multipath Routing Protocol for Large-Scale MANET , 2007 .

[169]  Ossama Younis,et al.  Distributed clustering in ad-hoc sensor networks: a hybrid, energy-efficient approach , 2004, IEEE INFOCOM 2004.

[170]  Gregory J. Pottie,et al.  Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network , 2000, IEEE Wirel. Commun..

[171]  Melbourne Barton,et al.  Efficient flooding with passive clustering-an overhead-free selective forward mechanism for ad hoc/sensor networks , 2003 .

[172]  K. Venugopal,et al.  Performance of AODV Routing Protocol using Group and Entity Mobility Models in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2008 .

[173]  Richard Han,et al.  TSync: a lightweight bidirectional time synchronization service for wireless sensor networks , 2004, MOCO.