Human cell‐based artificial antigen‐presenting cells for cancer immunotherapy

Adoptive T‐cell therapy, where anti‐tumor T cells are first prepared in vitro, is attractive since it facilitates the delivery of essential signals to selected subsets of anti‐tumor T cells without unfavorable immunoregulatory issues that exist in tumor‐bearing hosts. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that anti‐tumor adoptive T‐cell therapy, i.e. infusion of tumor‐specific T cells, can induce clinically relevant and sustained responses in patients with advanced cancer. The goal of adoptive cell therapy is to establish anti‐tumor immunologic memory, which can result in life‐long rejection of tumor cells in patients. To achieve this goal, during the process of in vitro expansion, T‐cell grafts used in adoptive T‐cell therapy must be appropriately educated and equipped with the capacity to accomplish multiple, essential tasks. Adoptively transferred T cells must be endowed, prior to infusion, with the ability to efficiently engraft, expand, persist, and traffic to tumor in vivo. As a strategy to consistently generate T‐cell grafts with these capabilities, artificial antigen‐presenting cells have been developed to deliver the proper signals necessary to T cells to enable optimal adoptive cell therapy.