A near-infrared interferometric survey of debris-disk stars - IV. An unbiased sample of 92 southern stars observed in H band with VLTI/PIONIER

Context. Detecting and characterizing circumstellar dust is a way to study the architecture and evolution of planetary systems. Cold dust in debris disks only traces the outer regions. Warm and hot exozodiacal dust needs to be studied in order to trace regions close to the habitable zone. Aims. We aim to determine the prevalence and to constrain the properties of hot exozodiacal dust around nearby main-sequence stars. Methods. We searched a magnitude-limited (H ≤ 5) sample of 92 stars for bright exozodiacal dust using our VLTI visitor instrument PIONIER in the H band. We derived statistics of the detection rate with respect to parameters, such as the stellar spectral type and age or the presence of a debris disk in the outer regions of the systems. We derived more robust statistics by combining our sample with the results from our CHARA/FLUOR survey in the K band. In addition, our spectrally dispersed data allowed us to put constraints on the emission mechanism and the dust properties in the detected systems. Results. We find an overall detection rate of bright exozodiacal dust in the H band of 11% (9 out of 85 targets) and three tentative detections. The detection rate decreases from early type to late type stars and increases with the age of the host star. We do not confirm the tentative correlation between the presence of cold and hot dust found in our earlier analysis of the FLUOR sample alone. Our spectrally dispersed data suggest that either the dust is extremely hot or the emission is dominated by the scattered light in most cases. The implications of our results for the target selection of future terrestrial planet-finding missions using direct imaging are discussed.

[1]  National Astronomical Observatory of Japan,et al.  HIPPARCOS age metallicity relation of the solar neighbourhood disc stars , 2002 .

[2]  Marc J. Kuchner,et al.  COLLISIONAL GROOMING MODELS OF THE KUIPER BELT DUST CLOUD , 2010, 1008.0904.

[3]  A. Pickles.  A Stellar Spectral Flux Library: 1150–25000 Å , 1998 .

[4]  Bangalore,et al.  Elemental abundance survey of the Galactic thick disc , 2005, astro-ph/0512505.

[5]  Aki Roberge,et al.  The Exozodiacal Dust Problem for Direct Observations of Exo-Earths , 2012, 1204.0025.

[6]  J. Augereau,et al.  The short-lived production of exozodiacal dust in the aftermath of a dynamical instability in planetary systems , 2013, 1306.0592.

[7]  C. Hanot,et al.  A near-infrared interferometric survey of debris-disc stars - III. First statistics based on 42 stars observed with CHARA/FLUOR , 2013, 1307.2488.

[8]  K. H. Kim,et al.  Spitzer IRS Spectroscopy of IRAS-discovered Debris Disks , 2006, astro-ph/0605277.

[9]  G. Montagnier,et al.  Hot circumstellar material resolved around β Pic with VLTI/PIONIER , 2012, 1210.1914.

[10]  J. Maldonado,et al.  Metallicity of solar-type stars with debris discs and planets , 2012, 1202.5884.

[11]  S. Wolf,et al.  Formation of giant planets around stars with various masses , 2006, astro-ph/0606094.

[12]  J. Augereau,et al.  Scattering of small bodies by planets: a potential origin for exozodiacal dust? , 2012, 1209.6033.

[13]  M. Skrutskie,et al.  The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) , 2006 .

[14]  B. Mennesson,et al.  An interferometric study of the Fomalhaut inner debris disk: III. Detailed models of the exozodiacal disk and its origin , 2013, 1306.0956.

[15]  William Dent,et al.  CONSTRAINING THE PLANETARY SYSTEM OF FOMALHAUT USING HIGH-RESOLUTION ALMA OBSERVATIONS , 2012, 1204.0007.

[16]  G. Pace.  Chromospheric activity as age indicator - An L-shaped chromospheric-activity versus age diagram , 2013, 1301.5651.

[17]  K. Stapelfeldt,et al.  Spitzer MIPS Observations of Stars in the β Pictoris Moving Group , 2008, 0803.1674.

[18]  A. Pati,et al.  Lithium and rotation in F and G dwarfs and subgiants , 2003 .

[19]  M. Wyatt,et al.  The bright end of the exo-Zodi luminosity function: disc evolution and implications for exo-Earth detectability , 2013, 1305.6607.

[20]  K. Cunha,et al.  LITHIUM ABUNDANCES IN A SAMPLE OF PLANET-HOSTING DWARFS , 2010, 1009.2130.

[21]  K. Y. L. Su,et al.  Debris Disks around Sun-like Stars , 2007, 0710.5498.

[22]  I. Ribas,et al.  DUst around NEarby Stars. The survey observational results , 2013, 1305.0155.

[23]  G. Montagnier,et al.  PIONIER: a 4-telescope visitor instrument at VLTI , 2011, 1109.1918.

[24]  C. Hanot,et al.  Nulling interferometry: impact of exozodiacal clouds on the performance of future life-finding space missions , 2009, 0910.3486.

[25]  David E. Trilling,et al.  PLANETS AND DEBRIS DISKS: RESULTS FROM A SPITZER/MIPS SEARCH FOR INFRARED EXCESS , 2009 .

[26]  H. Rocha-Pinto,et al.  Metallicity effects on the chromospheric activity–age relation for late‐type dwarfs , 1998, astro-ph/9803219.

[27]  B. Skiff,et al.  VizieR Online Data Catalog , 2009 .

[28]  I. Ribas,et al.  Cold DUst around NEarby Stars (DUNES). First results A resolved exo-Kuiper belt around the solar-like star zeta(2) Ret , 2010, 1005.3151.

[29]  B. Edvardsson,et al.  Calibration of Strömgren uvby-H$\beta$ photometry for late-type stars – a model atmosphere approach , 2009 .

[30]  S. T. Ridgway,et al.  Circumstellar material in the Vega inner system revealed by CHARA/FLUOR , 2006 .

[31]  H. Levato,et al.  S B 9 : The ninth catalogue of spectroscopic binary orbits , 2004, astro-ph/0406573.

[32]  Herschel PACS observations and modeling of debris disks in the Tucana-Horologium association , 2012 .

[33]  F. Thevenin,et al.  The angular sizes of dwarf stars and subgiants Surface brightness relations calibrated by interferometry , 2004, astro-ph/0404180.

[34]  M. Grenon,et al.  Analysis of old very metal rich stars in the solar neighbourhood , 2011, 1109.6304.

[35]  USA,et al.  alpha-, r-, and s-process element trends in the Galactic thin and thick disks , 2004, astro-ph/0412132.

[36]  A. Cox,et al.  Allen's astrophysical quantities , 2000 .

[37]  Daniel Y. Gezari,et al.  Catalog of infrared observations , 1982 .

[38]  T. Löhne,et al.  Long-Term Collisional Evolution of Debris Disks , 2007, 0710.4294.

[39]  G. Montagnier,et al.  A near-infrared interferometric survey of debris disc stars. II. CHARA/FLUOR observations of six ear , 2008, 0806.4936.

[40]  K. Y. L. Su,et al.  Steady State Evolution of Debris Disks around A Stars , 2007 .

[41]  H. Levato,et al.  Accurate stellar rotational velocities using the Fourier transform of the cross correlation maximum , 2010, 1012.4858.

[42]  Michael S. Bessell,et al.  The β Pictoris Moving Group , 2001 .

[43]  K. Y. L. Su,et al.  EXPLORATIONS BEYOND THE SNOW LINE: SPITZER/IRS SPECTRA OF DEBRIS DISKS AROUND SOLAR-TYPE STARS , 2009, 0909.0058.

[44]  Grant Kennedy,et al.  Resolving debris discs in the far-infrared: Early highlights from the DEBRIS survey , 2010, 1005.5147.

[45]  A. Kraus,et al.  THE MASS DEPENDENCE BETWEEN PROTOPLANETARY DISKS AND THEIR STELLAR HOSTS , 2013, 1305.5262.

[46]  K. Stapelfeldt,et al.  ASTEROID BELTS IN DEBRIS DISK TWINS: VEGA AND FOMALHAUT , 2013, 1301.1331.

[47]  S. Wolf,et al.  Herschel discovery of a new class of cold, faint debris discs , 2011, 1110.4826.

[48]  Jason T. Wright,et al.  Chromospheric Ca II Emission in Nearby F, G, K, and M Stars , 2004, astro-ph/0402582.

[49]  Hiroshi Kimura,et al.  Brightness of the solar F-corona , 1998 .

[50]  M. C. Wyatt,et al.  On the Nature of the Dust in the Debris Disk around HD 69830 , 2006, astro-ph/0611452.

[51]  E. Serabyn,et al.  Exo--Zodiacal Dust Levels for Nearby Main Sequence Stars , 2011 .

[52]  R. Paul Butler,et al.  A New Planet around an M Dwarf: Revealing a Correlation between Exoplanets and Stellar Mass , 2007, 0707.2409.

[53]  Inseok Song,et al.  THE TUCANA/HOROLOGIUM, COLUMBA, AB DORADUS, AND ARGUS ASSOCIATIONS: NEW MEMBERS AND DUSTY DEBRIS DISKS , 2011, 1104.0284.

[54]  B. Edvardsson,et al.  Subgiants as probes of galactic chemical evolution , 2004, astro-ph/0407260.

[55]  Bangalore,et al.  Lithium abundances of the local thin disc stars , 2004, astro-ph/0401259.

[56]  Peter Plavchan,et al.  SPITZER MID-IR SPECTRA OF DUST DEBRIS AROUND A AND LATE B TYPE STARS: ASTEROID BELT ANALOGS AND POWER-LAW DUST DISTRIBUTIONS , 2009 .

[57]  S. T. Ridgway,et al.  A near-infrared interferometric survey of debris-disk stars , 2007, Astronomy & Astrophysics.

[58]  J. Augereau,et al.  Spitzer Observations of the Hyades: Circumstellar Debris Disks at 625 Myr of Age , 2008, 0801.4403.

[59]  Gang Zhao,et al.  Lithium abundances for 185 main-sequence stars - galactic evolution and stellar depletion of lithium , 2001 .

[60]  Laurent Jocou,et al.  Searching for faint companions with VLTI/PIONIER. I. Method and first results , 2011, 1110.1178.

[61]  Marc J. Kuchner,et al.  The Geometry of Resonant Signatures in Debris Disks with Planets , 2002, astro-ph/0209261.

[62]  J. Augereau,et al.  Planetesimal-driven migration as an explanation for observations of high levels of warm, exozodiacal dust , 2014, 1404.2606.

[63]  O. Absil,et al.  Hot exozodiacal dust resolved around Vega with IOTA/IONIC , 2011, 1108.3698.

[64]  Samuel Harvey Moseley,et al.  COBE DIRBE near-infrared polarimetry of the zodiacal light: Initial results , 1994 .

[65]  Á. Kóspál,et al.  ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEBRIS DISKS AND PLANETS , 2009, 0907.0028.

[66]  A. Krivov,et al.  Debris disks: seeing dust, thinking of planetesimals and planets , 2010, 1003.5229.

[67]  Paolo Conconi,et al.  Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series , 2012 .

[68]  B. Cooper,et al.  Clementine Observations of the Zodiacal Light and the Dust Content of the Inner Solar System , 2001, astro-ph/0204111.

[69]  B. Zuckerman,et al.  Identification of a Nearby Stellar Association in theHipparcos Catalog: Implications for Recent, Local Star Formation , 2000, astro-ph/0002461.

[70]  A. Tokovinin,et al.  Accepted..... Received.... , 2022 .

[71]  E. Serabyn,et al.  AN INTERFEROMETRIC STUDY OF THE FOMALHAUT INNER DEBRIS DISK. II. KECK NULLER MID-INFRARED OBSERVATIONS , 2013 .

[72]  A. Merand,et al.  A catalog of bright calibrator stars for 200-m baseline near-infrared stellar interferometry , 2005 .

[73]  D. Queloz,et al.  Spectroscopic parameters for 451 stars in the HARPS GTO planet search program - Stellar [Fe/H] and the frequency of exo-Neptunes , 2008, 0805.4826.

[74]  R. Neuhauser,et al.  A catalogue of young runaway Hipparcos stars within 3 kpc from the Sun , 2010, 1007.4883.

[75]  Virginie Faramaz,et al.  An independent determination of Fomalhaut b’s orbit and the dynamical effects on the outer dust belt , 2013, 1311.5035.

[76]  M. Sterzik,et al.  Mid-IR observations of circumstellar disks. II. Vega-type stars and a post-main sequence object , 2005 .

[77]  S. Barnes.  Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Ages for illustrative field stars using gyrochronology: viability, limitations and errors , 2022 .

[78]  J. Schmitt,et al.  NEXXUS: A comprehensive ROSAT survey of coronal X-ray emission among nearby solar-like stars , 2003, astro-ph/0308510.

[79]  M. McElwain,et al.  Characterization of Dusty Debris Disks: The IRAS and Hipparcos Catalogs , 2006, astro-ph/0609555.

[80]  R. H. Brown,et al.  The effects of limb darkening on measurements of angular size with an intensity interferometer , 1974 .

[81]  R. O. Gray,et al.  Debris Disks in Main-Sequence Binary Systems , 2006, astro-ph/0612029.

[82]  Gerard T. van Belle,et al.  Interferometric observations of rapidly rotating stars , 2005, 1204.2572.

[83]  Gregory Laughlin,et al.  The Core Accretion Model Predicts Few Jovian-Mass Planets Orbiting Red Dwarfs , 2004, astro-ph/0407309.

[84]  David E. Trilling,et al.  Decay of Planetary Debris Disks , 2005 .

[85]  David E. Trilling,et al.  NEW DEBRIS DISK CANDIDATES AROUND 49 NEARBY STARS , 2010 .

[86]  S Ida,et al.  Toward a Deterministic Model of Planetary Formation. III. Mass Distribution of Short-Period Planets around Stars of Various Masses , 2005 .

[87]  L. Vican,et al.  AGE DETERMINATION FOR 346 NEARBY STARS IN THE HERSCHEL DEBRIS SURVEY , 2012, 1203.1966.

[88]  S. Wolf,et al.  Modelling the huge, Herschel-resolved debris ring around HD 207129 , 2012 .

[89]  Bradford A. Smith,et al.  A Circumstellar Disk Around β Pictoris , 1984, Science.

[90]  T. Lohne,et al.  The Edgeworth-Kuiper debris disk , 2010, 1006.2220.

[91]  et al,et al.  New Debris Disks around Nearby Main-Sequence Stars: Impact on the Direct Detection of Planets , 2006, astro-ph/0611682.

[92]  K. Y. L. Su,et al.  accepted for publication in ApJ Preprint typeset using L ATEX style emulateapj v. 2/19/04 DEBRIS DISK EVOLUTION AROUND A STARS , 2006 .

[93]  C. Saffe,et al.  Spectroscopic metallicities of Vega-like stars , 2008, 0805.3936.

[94]  J. Holmberg,et al.  The solar neighborhood age-metallicity relation - Does it exist? , 2001, astro-ph/0108191.

[95]  P. North,et al.  Automated spectroscopic abundances of A and F-type stars using echelle spectrographs - II. Abundances of 140 A-F stars from ELODIE and CORALIE , 2002, astro-ph/0210065.

[96]  To appear in The Astrophysical Journal An Excess Due to Small Grains Around The Nearby K0V Star HD69830: Asteroid or Cometary Debris? , 2005 .

[97]  K. Stapelfeldt,et al.  A Spitzer Study of Dusty Disks around Nearby, Young Stars , 2005 .

[98]  M. C. Wyatt,et al.  RESONANT TRAPPING OF PLANETESIMALS BY PLANET MIGRATION: DEBRIS DISK CLUMPS AND VEGA'S SIMILARITY TO THE SOLAR SYSTEM , 2003 .

[99]  I. Mann,et al.  FORMATION AND ACCELERATION OF NANO DUST IN THE INNER HELIOSPHERE , 2010 .

[100]  Pierre Kervella,et al.  VLTI/VINCI diameter constraints on the evolutionary status of delta Eri, xi Hya, eta Boo , 2005 .

[101]  M. Sykes.  IRAS observations of extended zodiacal structures , 1988 .

[102]  L. Hillenbrand,et al.  Improved Age Estimation for Solar-Type Dwarfs Using Activity-Rotation Diagnostics , 2008, 0807.1686.

[103]  S. Wolf,et al.  Potential multi-component structure of the debris disk around HIP 17439 revealed by Herschel/DUNES ⋆ , 2013, 1312.6385.

[104]  S. Grenier,et al.  Search for reference A0 dwarf stars: Masses and luminosities revisited with HIPPARCOS parallaxes , 1999 .

[105]  Peter Plavchan,et al.  NEW DEBRIS DISKS AROUND YOUNG, LOW-MASS STARS DISCOVERED WITH THE SPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE , 2009, 0904.0819.

[106]  Bertrand Mennesson,et al.  EXOZODIACAL DUST LEVELS FOR NEARBY MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS: A SURVEY WITH THE KECK INTERFEROMETER NULLER , 2011 .

[107]  L. Casagrande,et al.  New constraints on the chemical evolution of the solar neighbourhood and galactic disc(s) - improved astrophysical parameters for the Geneva-Copenhagen Survey , 2011, 1103.4651.

[108]  Bertrand Mennesson,et al.  AN INTERFEROMETRIC STUDY OF THE FOMALHAUT INNER DEBRIS DISK. I. NEAR-INFRARED DETECTION OF HOT DUST WITH VLTI/VINCI , 2009, 0908.3133.

[109]  Andrei Tokovinin,et al.  Speckle interferometry at SOAR in 2012 and 2013 , 2014 .

[110]  Olivier Absil,et al.  On the sensitivity of closure phases to faint companions in optical long baseline interferometry , 2012, 1204.3721.

[111]  T. Sakurai,et al.  Behavior of Li abundances in solar-analog stars - Evidence for line-width dependence , 2007 .

[112]  Daniel Y. Gezari,et al.  Catalog of Infrared Observations, Third Edition , 1993 .

[113]  R. Smith,et al.  Transience of Hot Dust around Sun-like Stars , 2006, astro-ph/0610102.

[114]  Mark Clampin,et al.  A planetary system as the origin of structure in Fomalhaut's dust belt , 2005, Nature.

[115]  S. Raymond,et al.  Vega's hot dust from icy planetesimals scattered inwards by an outward-migrating planetary system , 2014, 1403.6821.

[116]  G. González,et al.  Parent stars of extrasolar planets – X. Lithium abundances and v sin i revisited , 2009, 0912.1621.

[117]  J. Milli,et al.  Searching for faint companions with VLTI/PIONIER - II. 92 main sequence stars from the Exozodi survey , 2014, 1409.6105.

[118]  C. Eiroa,et al.  The metallicity signature of evolved stars with planets , 2013, 1303.3418.

[119]  H. Rocha-Pinto,et al.  Chemical enrichment and star formation in the Milky Way disk - III. Chemodynamical constraints , 2004, astro-ph/0405468.

[120]  S. Wolf,et al.  A peculiar class of debris disks from Herschel /DUNES , 2012, 1203.6784.

[121]  R. Smith,et al.  Resolving the hot dust around HD69830 and η Corvi with MIDI and VISIR , 2009, 0906.3704.

[122]  S. Wolf,et al.  Multi-wavelength modeling of the spatially resolved debris disk of HD 107146 , 2011, 1107.1057.

[123]  Pascal Bordé,et al.  A catalog of bright calibrator stars for 200-m baseline near-infrared stellar interferometry , 2004, astro-ph/0412251.

[124]  F. Royer,et al.  Rotational velocities of A-type stars - IV. Evolution of rotational velocities , 2012, 1201.2052.

[125]  Laszlo Sturmann,et al.  STELLAR DIAMETERS AND TEMPERATURES. I. MAIN-SEQUENCE A, F, AND G STARS , 2011, 1112.3316.

[126]  Ogawa Yasuo,et al.  「Earth,Planets and Space」のオープンアクセス出版 , 2016 .

[127]  Oxygen abundances in nearby stars - Clues to the formation and evolution of the Galactic disk , 2007, astro-ph/0701362.

[128]  R. Davies,et al.  Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series , 2010 .

[129]  M. Wyatt,et al.  Evolution of Debris Disks , 2008 .

[130]  Charles Francis,et al.  XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation , 2012 .

[131]  R. Jeffries,et al.  A lithium depletion boundary age of 21 Myr for the Beta Pictoris moving group , 2013, 1310.2613.

[132]  M. Wyatt,et al.  Debris froms giant impacts between planetary embryos at large orbital radii , 2014, 1403.1888.

[133]  Abundant Circumstellar Silica Dust and SiO Gas Created by a Giant Hypervelocity Collision in the ~12 Myr HD172555 System , 2009, 0906.2536.

[134]  M. Tsantaki,et al.  Deriving precise parameters for cool solar-type stars Optimizing the iron line list ?;??;??? , 2013, 1304.6639.

[135]  C. Chen,et al.  Circumstellar Dust Created by Terrestrial Planet Formation in HD 113766 , 2007, 0710.0839.

[136]  W. Benz,et al.  Extrasolar planet population synthesis. III. Formation of planets around stars of different masses , 2011, 1101.0513.

[137]  et al,et al.  Frequency of Debris Disks around Solar-Type Stars: First Results from a Spitzer MIPS Survey , 2005, astro-ph/0509199.

[138]  A. Moro-martin,et al.  The Complete Census of 70 μm-Bright Debris Disks within “The Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems” Spitzer Legacy Survey of Sun-like Stars , 2007, 0801.0163.

[139]  P. Kalas,et al.  FOMALHAUT'S DEBRIS DISK AND PLANET: CONSTRAINING THE MASS OF FOMALHAUT B FROM DISK MORPHOLOGY , 2008, 0811.1985.

[140]  A. Reiners,et al.  New measurements of rotation and differential rotation in A-F stars: are there two populations of differentially rotating stars? , 2012, 1204.2459.

[141]  S. Wolf,et al.  HERSCHEL's “COLD DEBRIS DISKS”: BACKGROUND GALAXIES OR QUIESCENT RIMS OF PLANETARY SYSTEMS? , 2013, 1306.2855.

[142]  C. Dominik,et al.  Near-infrared emission from sublimating dust in collisionally active debris disks , 2014, 1404.3271.

[143]  S. Wolf,et al.  Observing planet-disk interaction in debris disks , 2012, 1206.3154.

[144]  G. Rieke,et al.  Far-Infrared Properties of M Dwarfs , 2007, 0707.0464.

[145]  G. Rieke,et al.  PROBING THE TERRESTRIAL REGIONS OF PLANETARY SYSTEMS: WARM DEBRIS DISKS WITH EMISSION FEATURES , 2014, 1407.7547.

[146]  Munetaka Ueno,et al.  Brightness map of the zodiacal emission from the AKARI IRC All-Sky Survey , 2010 .

[147]  C. Soubiran,et al.  The PASTEL catalogue of stellar parameters , 2010, 1004.1069.

[148]  Russel J. White,et al.  A SURVEY OF STELLAR FAMILIES: MULTIPLICITY OF SOLAR-TYPE STARS , 2009, 1007.0414.

[149]  Harinder P. Singh,et al.  Coudé-feed stellar spectral library – atmospheric parameters , 2010, 1009.1491.

[150]  G. Rieke,et al.  Resolved debris discs around A stars in the Herschel DEBRIS survey , 2012, 1210.0547.

[151]  Marc J. Kuchner,et al.  The Detectability of Exo-Earths and Super-Earths Via Resonant Signatures in Exozodiacal Clouds , 2008, 0810.2702.

[152]  S. Ertel,et al.  Planet signatures in collisionally active debris discs: scattered light images , 2012, 1209.3969.