How and why do sponges incorporate foreign material ? Strategies in Porifera

The selection and incorporation of foreign materials in sponges is a complex phenomenon: it involves both a system of recognition of pinacocytes versus sand grain mineralogy and a system of coordination among cells, which transport and engulf particles in specific areas of the sponge surface. Concerning the mineralogical characteristic of the incorporated particles, it seems that quartz particles, when incorporated, could play an important role in collagen production. Among incorporating species, two different modalities can be defined, depending on the habit of the species: i) soft-bottom species (e.g. genera Oceanapia, Tectitethya, Cliona) engulf particles mainly from the base of their body and select mainly the size of particles independently from their mineralogical characteristics; engulfed particles, due to their weight, help the sponge to stabilize and to “anchor“ to the soft substrate; ii) in hard-bottom species (e.g. genera Chondrosia and Ircinia) ectosome pinacocytes select particles, in relation to their size and mineralogy, and may incorporate them differently in some areas of their body according to their skeletal arrangement.

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