Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Evidence-based guidelines for managing patients with intra-abdominal infection were prepared by an Expert Panel of the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. These updated guidelines replace those previously published in 2002 and 2003. The guidelines are intended for treating patients who either have these infections or may be at risk for them. New information, based on publications from the period 2003-2008, is incorporated into this guideline document. The panel has also added recommendations for managing intra-abdominal infection in children, particularly where such management differs from that of adults; for appendicitis in patients of all ages; and for necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates.

[1]  G. Beilman Controversies in the diagnosis and management of diverticulitis coli. , 2011, Surgical infections.

[2]  F. Moore,et al.  Surgical sepsis and organ crosstalk: the role of the kidney. , 2011, The Journal of surgical research.

[3]  R. Mason Appendicitis: is surgery the best option? , 2011, The Lancet.

[4]  Eric S. Halsey,et al.  Anaerobic coverage in intra-abdominal and biliary infections. , 2011, Surgical infections.

[5]  R. Coimbra,et al.  A Comprehensive review of abdominal infections , 2011, World journal of emergency surgery : WJES.

[6]  D. Curcio Tigecycline for severe infections: the gap between the warning and the necessity. , 2011, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[7]  Claude D Martin,et al.  Overview of antimicrobial therapy in intensive care units , 2011, Expert review of anti-infective therapy.

[8]  横江 正道,et al.  Tokyo Guidelines for the management of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. Proceedings of a consensus meeting, April 2006, Tokyo, Japan. , 2010, Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery.

[9]  L. Napolitano,et al.  Clinical update on the use of moxifloxacin in the treatment of community-acquired complicated intraabdominal infections. , 2010, Surgical infections.

[10]  J. Solomkin Evaluating evidence and grading recommendations: the SIS/IDSA guidelines for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections. , 2010, Surgical infections.

[11]  H. Dupont,et al.  Clinical and microbiological profiles of community-acquired and nosocomial intra-abdominal infections: results of the French prospective, observational EBIIA study. , 2009, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[12]  H. Evans,et al.  Choosing antibiotics for intra-abdominal infections: what do we mean by "high risk"? , 2009, Surgical infections.

[13]  J. Mazuski Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus: risk factors, surveillance, infections, and treatment. , 2008, Surgical infections.

[14]  S. Strasberg Clinical practice. Acute calculous cholecystitis. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[15]  S. S. St. Peter,et al.  Single daily dosing ceftriaxone and metronidazole vs standard triple antibiotic regimen for perforated appendicitis in children: a prospective randomized trial. , 2008, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[16]  H. Hof,et al.  Developments in the epidemiolgy of invasive fungal infections – implications for the empiric and targeted antifungal therapy , 2008, Mycoses.

[17]  M. Henry,et al.  Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. , 2008, Seminars in pediatric surgery.

[18]  H. Ford,et al.  Evidence vs experience in the surgical management of necrotizing enterocolitis and focal intestinal perforation , 2008, Journal of Perinatology.

[19]  C. Nankervis,et al.  The neonatal intestinal vasculature: contributing factors to necrotizing enterocolitis. , 2008, Seminars in perinatology.

[20]  J. D. De Waele,et al.  Blood stream infections of abdominal origin in the intensive care unit: characteristics and determinants of death. , 2008, Surgical infections.

[21]  T. Calandra,et al.  Bench-to-bedside review: Candida infections in the intensive care unit , 2008, Critical care.

[22]  J. Bartlett,et al.  Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. , 2008, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[23]  Rolf Rossaint,et al.  Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[24]  K. A. Cullen,et al.  National Hospital Discharge Survey: 2005 annual summary with detailed diagnosis and procedure data. , 2007, Vital and health statistics. Series 13, Data from the National Health Survey.

[25]  M. Pfaller,et al.  In Vitro Susceptibility of Invasive Isolates of Candida spp. to Anidulafungin, Caspofungin, and Micafungin: Six Years of Global Surveillance , 2007, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[26]  R. Andersson,et al.  Nonsurgical Treatment of Appendiceal Abscess or Phlegmon: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis , 2007, Annals of surgery.

[27]  Atlanta,et al.  Invasive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in the United States , 2007 .

[28]  J. Kienzler,et al.  Novel, single‐dose, topical treatment of tinea pedis using terbinafine: results of a dose‐finding clinical trial , 2007, Mycoses.

[29]  R. Betts,et al.  Micafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis. , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[30]  E. Buskens,et al.  Randomized Controlled Trials of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Severe Acute Pancreatitis: Relationship between Methodological Quality and Outcome , 2007, Pancreatology.

[31]  G. Drusano,et al.  Back to the future: using aminoglycosides again and how to dose them optimally. , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[32]  D. Gouma,et al.  Comparison of on-demand vs planned relaparotomy strategy in patients with severe peritonitis: a randomized trial. , 2007, JAMA.

[33]  D. T. Bearden,et al.  Antimicrobial Dosing Considerations in Obese Adult Patients , 2007, Pharmacotherapy.

[34]  K. Waites,et al.  USA300 Genotype Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a Cause of Surgical Site Infections , 2007, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[35]  J. Byerley,et al.  Does this child have appendicitis? , 2007, JAMA.

[36]  Jessina C. McGregor,et al.  Predictors of 30-Day Mortality among Patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bloodstream Infections: Impact of Delayed Appropriate Antibiotic Selection , 2007, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[37]  R. Betts,et al.  Anidulafungin versus fluconazole for invasive candidiasis. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[38]  R. Bachur,et al.  Evaluating appendicitis scoring systems using a prospective pediatric cohort. , 2007, Annals of emergency medicine.

[39]  Michelle M. Garrison,et al.  Aminoglycoside-Based Triple-Antibiotic Therapy Versus Monotherapy for Children With Ruptured Appendicitis , 2007, Pediatrics.

[40]  J. Tomassini,et al.  Randomized, multicenter, double-blind study of efficacy, safety, and tolerability of intravenous ertapenem versus piperacillin/tazobactam in treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections in hospitalized adults. , 2007, Surgical infections.

[41]  J. Gerstle,et al.  Necrotizing enterocolitis: review of state-of-the-art imaging findings with pathologic correlation. , 2007, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[42]  N. V. Jacobus,et al.  National Survey on the Susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis Group: Report and Analysis of Trends in the United States from 1997 to 2004 , 2007, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[43]  Wajeeh Salah,et al.  'Streptococcus milleri' aortic valve endocarditis and hepatic abscess. , 2007, Journal of medical microbiology.

[44]  G. Drusano,et al.  Piperacillin-tazobactam for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: clinical implications of an extended-infusion dosing strategy. , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[45]  D. Gouma,et al.  Background: Tokyo Guidelines for the management of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis , 2007, Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery.

[46]  Masahiro Yoshida,et al.  Results of the Tokyo Consensus Meeting Tokyo Guidelines , 2007, Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery.

[47]  Masahiro Yoshida,et al.  Antimicrobial therapy for acute cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines , 2007, Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery.

[48]  D. Gouma,et al.  Diagnostic criteria and severity assessment of acute cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines , 2007, Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery.

[49]  Masahiro Yoshida,et al.  Antimicrobial therapy for acute cholangitis: Tokyo Guidelines , 2007, Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery.

[50]  L. Corfield Interval Appendicectomy After Appendiceal Mass or Abscess in Adults: What is “Best Practice”? , 2006, Surgery Today.

[51]  H. Evans,et al.  Can we define the ideal duration of antibiotic therapy? , 2006, Surgical infections.

[52]  James D Dziura,et al.  Is It Safe to Delay Appendectomy in Adults With Acute Appendicitis? , 2006, Annals of surgery.

[53]  M. Pfaller,et al.  Use of Fluconazole as a Surrogate Marker To Predict Susceptibility and Resistance to Voriconazole among 13,338 Clinical Isolates of Candida spp. Tested by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute-Recommended Broth Microdilution Methods , 2006, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[54]  P. Babyn,et al.  US or CT for Diagnosis of Appendicitis in Children and Adults? A Meta-Analysis. , 2006, Radiology.

[55]  S. Emil,et al.  What are the True Advantages of a Pediatric Appendicitis Clinical Pathway? , 2006, The American surgeon.

[56]  G. Drusano,et al.  Population pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulation of varying doses of intravenous metronidazole. , 2006, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[57]  D. Bratzler,et al.  The surgical infection prevention and surgical care improvement projects: national initiatives to improve outcomes for patients having surgery. , 2006, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[58]  M. White Components and mechanisms of thermal hyperpnea. , 2006, Journal of applied physiology.

[59]  M. Malangoni,et al.  Randomized Controlled Trial of Moxifloxacin Compared With Piperacillin–Tazobactam and Amoxicillin–Clavulanate for the Treatment of Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections , 2006, Annals of surgery.

[60]  Wei-Jen Lin,et al.  Bacteriology and antibiotic susceptibility of community-acquired intra-abdominal infection in children. , 2006, Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi.

[61]  K. Wood,et al.  Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[62]  S. S. St. Peter,et al.  A simple and more cost-effective antibiotic regimen for perforated appendicitis. , 2006, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[63]  L. Kozak,et al.  National Hospital Discharge Survey: 2003 annual summary with detailed diagnosis and procedure data. , 2006, Vital and health statistics. Series 13, Data from the National Health Survey.

[64]  J. Styrud,et al.  Appendectomy versus Antibiotic Treatment in Acute Appendicitis. A Prospective Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial , 2006, World Journal of Surgery.

[65]  M. Franklin,et al.  Morbidity of laparoscopic surgery for complicated appendicitis: an international study , 2006, Surgical Endoscopy And Other Interventional Techniques.

[66]  C. Hennequin,et al.  Candida as a risk factor for mortality in peritonitis* , 2006, Critical care medicine.

[67]  E. Goldstein,et al.  In Vitro Activity of Moxifloxacin against 923 Anaerobes Isolated from Human Intra-Abdominal Infections , 2006, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[68]  S. Emil,et al.  Emergent vs urgent appendectomy in children: a study of outcomes. , 2005, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[69]  E. Loh,et al.  A multicenter trial of the efficacy and safety of tigecycline versus imipenem/cilastatin in patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections [Study ID Numbers: 3074A1-301-WW; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00081744] , 2005, BMC infectious diseases.

[70]  R. Herings,et al.  Inappropriate initial treatment of secondary intra-abdominal infections leads to increased risk of clinical failure and costs. , 2005, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[71]  U. Schaad Fluoroquinolone antibiotics in infants and children. , 2005, Infectious disease clinics of North America.

[72]  A. Kaminski,et al.  Routine interval appendectomy is not justified after initial nonoperative treatment of acute appendicitis. , 2005, Archives of surgery.

[73]  N. Karabulut,et al.  Percutaneous Drainage of 300 Intraperitoneal Abscesses with Long-Term Follow-Up , 2005, CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology.

[74]  C. Sirlin,et al.  CT evaluation of appendicitis and its complications: imaging techniques and key diagnostic findings. , 2005, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[75]  F. Kallehave,et al.  Antibiotics versus placebo for prevention of postoperative infection after appendicectomy. , 2005, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[76]  F. Baquero,et al.  In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultative Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide: the 2003 Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART). , 2005, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[77]  R. Halvorsen,et al.  Helical CT evaluation of acute right lower quadrant pain: part I, common mimics of appendicitis. , 2005, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[78]  W. Weiss,et al.  Current concepts of percutaneous abscess drainage in postoperative retention , 2005, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[79]  J. Marshall,et al.  Source control in the management of severe sepsis and septic shock: An evidence-based review , 2004, Critical care medicine.

[80]  C. Edmiston,et al.  Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in the gastric bypass patient: do we achieve therapeutic levels? , 2004, Surgery.

[81]  R. Rogers,et al.  Tetracycline and other tetracycline‐derivative staining of the teeth and oral cavity , 2004, International journal of dermatology.

[82]  S. Sen,et al.  Effect of inappropriate initial empiric antibiotic therapy on outcome of patients with community-acquired intra-abdominal infections requiring surgery , 2004, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[83]  Graves Ej National hospital discharge survey. , 2004, Vital and health statistics. Series 13, Data from the National Health Survey.

[84]  D. Sahani,et al.  The inaccessible or undrainable abscess: how to drain it. , 2004, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[85]  George L. Drusano,et al.  Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics: critical interactions of 'bug and drug' , 2004, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[86]  D. Smink,et al.  Diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children using a clinical practice guideline. , 2004, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[87]  Claude D Martin,et al.  Clinical and Therapeutic Features of Nonpostoperative Nosocomial Intra-abdominal Infections , 2004 .

[88]  J. Sobel,et al.  Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[89]  M. Hogan Appendiceal abscess drainage. , 2003, Techniques in vascular and interventional radiology.

[90]  C. Platell Source Control − A Guide to the Management of Surgical Infections. , 2003 .

[91]  E. P. Dellinger,et al.  Guidelines for the selection of anti-infective agents for complicated intra-abdominal infections. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[92]  M. Bonten,et al.  Epidemic and Nonepidemic Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus faecium , 2003, Emerging infectious diseases.

[93]  D. Snydman,et al.  Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance among Bacteroides species. , 2003, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[94]  S. Mulier,et al.  Factors Affecting Mortality in Generalized Postoperative Peritonitis: Multivariate Analysis in 96 Patients , 2003, World Journal of Surgery.

[95]  N. Christou,et al.  Ertapenem Versus Piperacillin/Tazobactam in the Treatment of Complicated Intraabdominal Infections: Results of a Double-Blind, Randomized Comparative Phase III Trial , 2003, Annals of surgery.

[96]  E. Paulson,et al.  Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[97]  J. Perfect,et al.  Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[98]  K. Aldridge,et al.  In Vitro Susceptibilities of the Bacteroides fragilis Group Species: Change in Isolation Rates Significantly Affects Overall Susceptibility Data , 2002, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[99]  D. Snydman,et al.  In Vitro Activities of Newer Quinolones against Bacteroides Group Organisms , 2002, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[100]  A. Nathens,et al.  The Surgical Infection Society guidelines on antimicrobial therapy for intra-abdominal infections: evidence for the recommendations. , 2002, Surgical infections.

[101]  K. Holmes,et al.  Prospective evaluation of nonsurgical versus surgical management of appendiceal mass. , 2002, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[102]  J. Truebenbach,et al.  CT-guided percutaneous drainage of intra-abdominal abscesses: APACHE III score stratification of 1-year results , 2002, European Radiology.

[103]  J. Coast,et al.  Strategies to contain the emergence of antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness , 2002, Journal of health services research & policy.

[104]  M. Girvent,et al.  Postoperative enterococcal infection after treatment of complicated intra‐abdominal sepsis , 2002, The British journal of surgery.

[105]  R. Azizkhan,et al.  Results of a pilot trial comparing prolonged intravenous antibiotics with sequential intravenous/oral antibiotics for children with perforated appendicitis. , 2001, Archives of surgery.

[106]  R. Weinstein,et al.  Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: why are they here, and where do they come from? , 2001, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[107]  H. Maltezou,et al.  Piperacillin/Tazobactam Versus Cefotaxime Plus Metronidazole for Treatment of Children with Intra-Abdominal Infections Requiring Surgery , 2001, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[108]  C E Nord,et al.  Effect of antimicrobial agents on the ecological balance of human microflora. , 2001, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[109]  F. V. van Tiel,et al.  Relationship between methodological trial quality and the effects of selective digestive decontamination on pneumonia and mortality in critically ill patients. , 2001, JAMA.

[110]  S. Wilson,et al.  Results of a Clinical Trial of Clinafloxacin Versus Imipenem/Cilastatin for Intraabdominal Infections , 2001, Annals of surgery.

[111]  O. Gómez-Marín,et al.  Comparison of two antibiotic regimens in the treatment of perforated appendicitis in pediatric patients. , 2000, International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[112]  P Wright,et al.  Changing pattern of organ dysfunction in early human sepsis is related to mortality , 2000, Critical care medicine.

[113]  I. Brook,et al.  Aerobic and anaerobic microbiology in intra-abdominal infections associated with diverticulitis. , 2000, Journal of medical microbiology.

[114]  H. Oh,et al.  Ecological Disturbances in Intestinal Microflora Caused by Clinafloxacin, an Extended-Spectrum Quinolone , 2000, Infection.

[115]  P. Lipsett,et al.  Comparison of Intravenous/Oral Ciprofloxacin Plus Metronidazole Versus Piperacillin/Tazobactam in the Treatment of Complicated Intraabdominal Infections , 2000, Annals of surgery.

[116]  G Sherman,et al.  The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting. , 2000, Chest.

[117]  D. Snydman,et al.  Antimicrobial resistance and clinical outcome of Bacteroides bacteremia: findings of a multicenter prospective observational trial. , 2000, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[118]  M. Louie,et al.  Evaluation of the BacT/Alert microbial detection system with FAN aerobic and FAN anaerobic bottles for culturing normally sterile body fluids other than blood. , 2000, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[119]  E. Fishman,et al.  Targeted helical CT of the acute abdomen: appendicitis, diverticulitis, and small bowel obstruction. , 2000, Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR.

[120]  J. Lucet,et al.  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a causative agent of postoperative intra-abdominal infection: relation to nasal colonization. , 1999, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[121]  Z. Mariak,et al.  Direct cooling of the human brain by heat loss from the upper respiratory tract. , 1999, Journal of applied physiology.

[122]  D. Snydman,et al.  Multicenter Study of In Vitro Susceptibility of theBacteroides fragilis Group, 1995 to 1996, with Comparison of Resistance Trends from 1990 to 1996 , 1999, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[123]  H. Forssell,et al.  Piperacillin/tazobactam compared with cefuroxime/ metronidazole in the treatment of intra-abdominal infections. , 1999, The European journal of surgery = Acta chirurgica.

[124]  P. Francioli,et al.  Fluconazole prophylaxis prevents intra-abdominal candidiasis in high-risk surgical patients. , 1999, Critical care medicine.

[125]  K. Lamp,et al.  Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Nitroimidazole Antimicrobials , 1999, Clinical pharmacokinetics.

[126]  M. Silen,et al.  The impact of intraoperative culture on treatment and outcome in children with perforated appendicitis. , 1999, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[127]  C. Ohmann,et al.  Risk factors associated with intraabdominal infections: a prospective multicenter study , 1999, Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.

[128]  R. Bennion,et al.  Ticarcillin/Clavulanate versus Imipenem/Cilistatin for the Treatment of Infections Associated with Gangrenous and Perforated Appendicitis , 1999, The American surgeon.

[129]  G Sherman,et al.  Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. , 1999, Chest.

[130]  P. Bourbeau,et al.  Use of the BacT/Alert Blood Culture System for Culture of Sterile Body Fluids Other than Blood , 1998, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[131]  L. Kozak,et al.  Ambulatory and inpatient procedures in the United States, 1996. , 1998, Vital and health statistics. Series 13, Data from the National Health Survey.

[132]  C. Ohmann Prognostic scores and design of clinical studies , 1998, Infection.

[133]  J. Bohnen,et al.  The role of oral antimicrobials for the management of intra-abdominal infections. , 1998, New horizons.

[134]  P. Barie,et al.  A Randomized, Double-blind Clinical Trial Comparing Cefepime Plus Metronidazole With Imipenem-Cilastatin in the Treatment of Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections , 1997 .

[135]  S. Dougherty,et al.  Antimicrobial culture and susceptibility testing has little value for routine management of secondary bacterial peritonitis. , 1997, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[136]  J. Griffith,et al.  Risk factors leading to clinical failure in the treatment of intra-abdominal or skin/soft tissue infections , 1996, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[137]  D. Snydman,et al.  Analysis of trends in antimicrobial resistance patterns among clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis group species from 1990 to 1994. , 1996, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[138]  J. Carpenter,et al.  Does this patient have appendicitis? , 1996, JAMA.

[139]  P. Montravers,et al.  Emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in cases of peritonitis after intraabdominal surgery affects the efficacy of empirical antimicrobial therapy. , 1996, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[140]  A. Bufalari,et al.  Postoperative intraabdominal abscesses: percutaneous versus surgical treatment. , 1996, Acta chirurgica Belgica.

[141]  A. Katz Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. Annual checkup revisited. , 1996, Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien.

[142]  T. Hau,et al.  Predictors of outcome in patients with postoperative intra-abdominal infection. , 1996, The European journal of surgery = Acta chirurgica.

[143]  J. Bohnen,et al.  Results of a randomized trial comparing sequential intravenous/oral treatment with ciprofloxacin plus metronidazole to imipenem/cilastatin for intra-abdominal infections. The Intra-Abdominal Infection Study Group. , 1996, Annals of surgery.

[144]  T. Koperna,et al.  Prognosis and treatment of peritonitis. Do we need new scoring systems? , 1996, Archives of surgery.

[145]  J. Bohnen,et al.  Definition of the role of enterococcus in intraabdominal infection: analysis of a prospective randomized trial. , 1995, Surgery.

[146]  F Doyon,et al.  Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults. A multicenter prospective study in intensive care units. French ICU Group for Severe Sepsis. , 1995, JAMA.

[147]  François Gouin,et al.  Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcome of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock in Adults: A Multicenter Prospective Study in Intensive Care Units , 1995 .

[148]  S. Lemeshow,et al.  Modeling the severity of illness of ICU patients. A systems update. , 1994, JAMA.

[149]  S. Lemeshow,et al.  A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study , 1993 .

[150]  P. Barie,et al.  Prospective randomized study of piperacillin/tazobactam therapy of surgically treated intra-abdominal infection. The Piperacillin/Tazobactam Intra-Abdominal Infection Study Group. , 1993, The American surgeon.

[151]  C. Ohmann,et al.  Prospective evaluation of prognostic scoring systems in peritonitis. Peritonitis Study Group. , 1993, The European journal of surgery = Acta chirurgica.

[152]  P. Barie,et al.  Surgical Infection Society intra-abdominal infection study. Prospective evaluation of management techniques and outcome. , 1993, Archives of surgery.

[153]  Jeffrey W. Smith,et al.  Efficacy of a β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combination for Serious Intra-abdominal Infections , 1993 .

[154]  Levison Ma Percutaneous versus open operative drainage of intra-abdominal abscesses. , 1992, Infectious disease clinics of North America.

[155]  D. Snydman,et al.  Correlation of various in vitro testing methods with clinical outcomes in patients with Bacteroides fragilis group infections treated with cefoxitin: a retrospective analysis , 1992, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[156]  W. Knaus,et al.  The APACHE III prognostic system. Risk prediction of hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults. , 1991, Chest.

[157]  D. Dunn,et al.  Antibiotic treatment for surgical peritonitis. , 1991, Annals of surgery.

[158]  A. Lau,et al.  Pharmacokinetics of intravenous metronidazole at different dosages in healthy subjects. , 1991, International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology.

[159]  H. Reyes,et al.  One-drug versus two-drug antibiotic therapy in pediatric perforated appendicitis: a prospective randomized study. , 1991, Surgery.

[160]  L M Napolitano,et al.  Prospective comparison of clinical judgment and APACHE II score in predicting the outcome in critically ill surgical patients. , 1991, The Journal of trauma.

[161]  L. Navér,et al.  Ceftriaxone/metronidazole is more effective than ampicillin/netilmicin/metronidazole in the treatment of bacterial peritonitis. , 1991, The European journal of surgery = Acta chirurgica.

[162]  J. Solomkin,et al.  Results of a multicenter trial comparing imipenem/cilastatin to tobramycin/clindamycin for intra-abdominal infections. , 1990, Annals of surgery.

[163]  A. Darras,et al.  [Percutaneous drainage of abdominal abscesses]. , 1990, Revista medica de Chile.

[164]  W. Knaus,et al.  Proposed definitions for diagnosis, severity scoring, stratification, and outcome for trials on intraabdominal infection , 1990, World Journal of Surgery.

[165]  P. Francioli,et al.  CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CANDIDA ISOLATED FROM PERITONEUM IN SURGICAL PATIENTS , 1989, The Lancet.

[166]  T. Hanlon Periappendiceal inflammatory masses: CT-directed management and clinical outcome in 70 patients , 1988 .

[167]  N. Jacobus,et al.  Susceptibility of the Bacteroides fragilis group in the United States: analysis by site of isolation , 1988, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[168]  R. Jeffrey,et al.  Periappendiceal inflammatory masses: CT-directed management and clinical outcome in 70 patients. , 1988, Radiology.

[169]  R. Simmons,et al.  Status of percutaneous catheter drainage of abscesses. , 1988, The Surgical clinics of North America.

[170]  L. Engström,et al.  Treatment of appendiceal abscess. , 1988, Acta chirurgica Scandinavica.

[171]  H. Ellis Cope's Early Diagnosis of the Acute Abdomen , 1988 .

[172]  D. Snydman,et al.  Clinical importance of cefoxitin-resistant Bacteroides fragilis isolates. , 1987, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[173]  P. Bagi,et al.  Nonoperative management of the ultrasonically evaluated appendiceal mass. , 1987, Surgery.

[174]  A Alvarado,et al.  A practical score for the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis. , 1986, Annals of emergency medicine.

[175]  T. Berne,et al.  The role of Pseudomonas species in patients treated with ampicillin and Sulbactam for gangrenous and perforated appendicitis. , 1985, Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics.

[176]  P. Colletti,et al.  Real-time sonography in suspected acute cholecystitis. Prospective evaluation of primary and secondary signs. , 1985, Radiology.

[177]  A. Robbins,et al.  Expanded criteria for percutaneous abscess drainage. , 1985, Archives of surgery.

[178]  H. Jensen,et al.  Appendix mass: conservative management without interval appendectomy. , 1984, American journal of surgery.

[179]  B. Ljungberg,et al.  Metronidazole: pharmacokinetic observations in severely ill patients. , 1984, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[180]  P. Mueller,et al.  Percutaneous drainage of 250 abdominal abscesses and fluid collections. Part I: Results, failures, and complications. , 1984, Radiology.

[181]  T. Berne,et al.  Antibiotic management of surgically treated gangrenous or perforated appendicitis. Comparison of gentamicin and clindamycin versus cefamandole versus cefoperazone. , 1982, American journal of surgery.

[182]  D. Birkett,et al.  Percutaneous catheter drainage of abdominal abscesses: a five-year experience. , 1982, The New England journal of medicine.

[183]  E. Dellinger,et al.  Implications of Leukocytosis and Fever at Conclusion of Antibiotic Therapy for Intra‐abdominal Sepsis , 1982, Annals of surgery.

[184]  S. Gennaro Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. , 1981, Critical care update.

[185]  R. L. Simmons,et al.  The role of Candida in intraperitoneal infections. , 1980, Surgery.

[186]  D. Birkett,et al.  Computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of abdominal abscesses , 1978, Gastrointestinal Radiology.

[187]  Bell Mj Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis , 1978 .

[188]  B. A. Barnes,et al.  Treatment of appendicitis at the Massachusetts General Hospital (1937-1959). , 1962, JAMA.

[189]  S. Blot,et al.  Critical Issues in the Clinical Management of Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections , 2012, Drugs.

[190]  J. Roberts,et al.  Antibacterial Dosing in Intensive Care Pharmacokinetics, Degree of Disease and Pharmacodynamics of Sepsis , 2012 .

[191]  M. Bizzarro,et al.  Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Newborns , 2012, Drugs.

[192]  Intensive Care Med (2008) 34:17–60 DOI 10.1007/s00134-007-0934-2 SPECIAL ARTICLE , 2007 .

[193]  K. Bland Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Surgery: An Advisory Statement From the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project , 2006 .

[194]  R. Halvorsen,et al.  Helical CT evaluation of acute right lower quadrant pain: part II, uncommon mimics of appendicitis. , 2005, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[195]  M. Bonten,et al.  Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: consequences for therapy and infection control. , 2005, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[196]  P. Viale,et al.  Antimicrobial Therapy in Critically Ill Patients , 2005, Clinical pharmacokinetics.

[197]  M. Schein,et al.  Planned Relaparotomies and Laparostomy , 2003 .

[198]  H. Ford,et al.  Monotherapy versus multi-drug therapy for the treatment of perforated appendicitis in children. , 2003, Surgical infections.

[199]  A. Nathens,et al.  Aminoglycosides for intra-abdominal infection: equal to the challenge? , 2002, Surgical infections.

[200]  A. Nathens,et al.  The Surgical Infection Society guidelines on antimicrobial therapy for intra-abdominal infections: an executive summary. , 2002, Surgical infections.

[201]  E. Wald,et al.  Convalescent phase outpatient parenteral antiinfective therapy for children with complicated appendicitis. , 2001, The Pediatric infectious disease journal.

[202]  F. Kallehave,et al.  Antibiotics versus placebo for prevention of postoperative infection after appendicectomy. , 2001, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[203]  T. Koperna,et al.  Relaparotomy in Peritonitis: Prognosis and Treatment of Patients with Persisting Intraabdominal Infection , 2000, World Journal of Surgery.

[204]  C. Ohmann,et al.  Risk factors associated with intraabdominal infections: a prospective multicenter study. Peritonitis Study Group. , 1999, Langenbeck's archives of surgery.

[205]  P. Barie,et al.  A randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing cefepime plus metronidazole with imipenem-cilastatin in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections. Cefepime Intra-abdominal Infection Study Group. , 1997, Archives of surgery.

[206]  C. Taketomo,et al.  Pediatric Dosage Handbook , 1997 .

[207]  A. Viste,et al.  A comparison of imipenem/cilastatin with the combination of cefuroxime and metronidazole in the treatment of intra-abdominal infections. , 1996, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases.

[208]  R. Wilson,et al.  Efficacy of a beta-lactamase inhibitor combination for serious intraabdominal infections. , 1993, Annals of surgery.

[209]  S. Lemeshow,et al.  A new Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) based on a European/North American multicenter study. , 1993, JAMA.

[210]  M. Levison Percutaneous versus open operative drainage of intra-abdominal abscesses. , 1992, Infectious disease clinics of North America.

[211]  K. Sirinek,et al.  A randomized trial of ticarcillin and clavulanate versus gentamicin and clindamycin in patients with complicated appendicitis. , 1991, Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics.

[212]  M. Field,et al.  Clinical practice guidelines : directions for a new program , 1990 .

[213]  J. Meakins,et al.  Surgical infection stratification system for intra-abdominal infection. Multicenter trial. , 1985, Archives of surgery.

[214]  The periodic health examination. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. , 1979, Canadian Medical Association journal.

[215]  D. Gerding,et al.  Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of America Joint Committee on the Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance: Guidelines for the Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospitals Shea Position Paper Infection Co , 2022 .