Assessment of lead bioaccessibility in peri-urban contaminated soils.

Lead (Pb) bioaccessibility was assessed in a range of peri-urban soils (n=31) with differing sources of Pb contamination, including shooting range soils, and soils affected by incinerator, historical fill, mining/smelting, and gasworks activities. A gossan soil sample was also included. Lead bioaccessibility was determined using both gastric and intestinal phases of the SBRC in vitro assay and in vitro data was then incorporated into in vivo-in vitro regression equations to calculate Pb relative bioavailability. Lead bioaccessibility ranged from 26.8-105.2% to 5.5-102.6% for gastric and intestinal phase extractions respectively. Generally, Pb bioaccessibility was highest in the shooting range soils and lowest in the gossan soil. Predictions of relative Pb bioavailability derived from in vitro data were comparable for shooting ranges soils, but highly variable for the other soils examined. For incinerator, historical fill, gasworks and gossan soils, incorporating in vitro gastric data into the in vivo-in vitro regression equation resulting in more conservative Pb relative bioavailability values than those derived using the intestinal in vitro data.

[1]  G. M. Richardson,et al.  Do Current Standards of Practice in Canada Measure What is Relevant to Human Exposure at Contaminated Sites? I: A Discussion of Soil Particle Size and Contaminant Partitioning in Soil , 2006 .

[2]  Herbert E. Allen,et al.  Metal Speciation and Contamination of Soil , 1994 .

[3]  Michael V. Ruby,et al.  Estimation of lead and arsenic bioavailability using a physiologically based extraction test , 1996 .

[4]  S. E. O'reilly,et al.  Lead Sorption Efficiencies of Natural and Synthetic Mn and Fe-oxides , 2002 .

[5]  J. Tobiason,et al.  Removal of arsenic from high ionic strength solutions: effects of ionic strength, pH, and preformed versus in situ formed HFO. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[6]  M. Wilhelm,et al.  Comparison of soil Pb in vitro bioaccessibility and in vivo bioavailability with Pb pools from a sequential soil extraction. , 2006, Environmental science & technology.

[7]  J. J. Morgan,et al.  Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters , 1970 .

[8]  R. Naidu,et al.  Evaluation of SBRC-gastric and SBRC-intestinal methods for the prediction of in vivo relative lead bioavailability in contaminated soils. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[9]  L. Ma,et al.  Lead contamination in shooting range soils from abrasion of lead bullets and subsequent weathering. , 2004, The Science of the total environment.

[10]  R. Naidu,et al.  In vivo-in vitro and XANES spectroscopy assessments of lead bioavailability in contaminated periurban soils. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[11]  K. Ljung,et al.  Metal and arsenic distribution in soil particle sizes relevant to soil ingestion by children , 2006 .

[12]  W. Verstraete,et al.  Comparison of five in vitro digestion models to in vivo experimental results: Lead bioaccessibility in the human gastrointestinal tract , 2007, Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.

[13]  K. S. Subramanian,et al.  A multi-element profile of housedust in relation to exterior dust and soils in the city of Ottawa, Canada. , 2001, The Science of the total environment.

[14]  Ming Chen,et al.  Weathering of lead bullets and their environmental effects at outdoor shooting ranges. , 2003, Journal of environmental quality.

[15]  M. Payton,et al.  Validation of the in vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) method to estimate relative bioavailable lead in contaminated soils. , 2004, Journal of environmental quality.

[16]  T. Link,et al.  Development of an in vitro screening test to evaluate the in vivo bioaccessibility of ingested mine-waste lead , 1993 .

[17]  J. A. Ryan,et al.  Reducing children's risk from lead in soil. , 2004, Environmental science & technology.

[18]  E. Maynard,et al.  Living in a sea of lead — changes in blood- and hand-lead of infants living near a smelter , 2007, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology.

[19]  C. Weis,et al.  Characteristics to Consider when Choosing an Animal Model for the Study of Lead Bioavailability , 1991 .

[20]  R. P. Thompson,et al.  Regulation of metal absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. , 1996, Gut.

[21]  R. W. Ball,et al.  An assessment of lead absorption from soil affected by smelter emissions , 1995, Environmental geochemistry and health.

[22]  C. P. Rooney,et al.  Control of lead solubility in soil contaminated with lead shot: effect of soil pH. , 2007, Environmental pollution.

[23]  P. Lioy,et al.  The Bioaccessibility of Lead (Pb) from Vacuumed House Dust on Carpets in Urban Residences , 2006, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

[24]  M. Ruby,et al.  Assessing Oral Bioavailability of Metals in Soil , 2002 .

[25]  M. McBride,et al.  Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn coprecipitates in Fe oxide formed at different pH: Aging effects on metal solubility and extractability by citrate , 2001, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[26]  D. W. Nelson,et al.  Total Carbon, Organic Carbon, and Organic Matter , 1983, SSSA Book Series.

[27]  S. Casteel,et al.  Evaluation of small arms range soils for metal contamination and lead bioavailability. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[28]  Herbert L. Needleman,et al.  Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children’s Intellectual Function: An International Pooled Analysis , 2005, Environmental health perspectives.

[29]  W. Brattin,et al.  An In Vitro Procedure for Estimation of Lead Relative Bioavailability: With Validation , 2007 .