Quine W. V.. Logic, symbolic. Preprinted from Encyclopedia Americana , 1957 edition, preprint pp. 569–574.
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T A D E U S Z CZEZOWSKI . On certain peculiarities of singular propositions. Mind, n.s . vol . 64 (1955), p p . 392-395 . As is well known, the device of t rad i t iona l logic b y which singular proposi t ions are assimilated to universal canno t be regarded as wholly sat isfactory. I n t he present pape r Czezowski holds t h a t singular proposi t ions are t o be in terpre ted , now as universal , and now as par t icular , being in a sense bo th . (And indeed a similar doctr ine was a l ready mainta ined b y Leibniz in 13.) By adding, to t he t rad i t iona l a, e, i, a n d o, also u a n d y for t he affirmative a n d negat ive singular proposit ions, t he t rad i t iona l square of opposit ion is enlarged to a hexagon of opposi t ion; a n d syllogisms wi th singular premisses are discussed from th i s po in t of view. However , th i s deve lopment depends on t ak ing singular proposi t ions in a form such as This man is wise r a t h e r t h a n in t h e more usua l form i l lus t ra ted b y Socrates is wise, a n d is therefore n o t immedia te ly re levant t o t h e logic of s ingular proposi t ions of the la t te r form. A L O N Z O C H U R C H