Empirical Study on Dependency-related License Violation in the JavaScript Package Ecosystem

: Open source software (OSS) is software whose source code can be reused under some particular terms and conditions. These terms and conditions are usually described by one or more software licenses written in the header part of the source files. A license may violate another one according to the terms and conditions. Making software by reusing OSS as dependency may cause dependency-related license violation if the developers overlook the license of the dependency. In this paper, we first conduct an empirical study on npm - a JavaScript-based software ecosystem - to study the prevalence of dependency-related license violation. The result suggests that only a few packages (0.644%) in npm have dependency-related license violations. However, we also observe that including the packages licensed under copyleft licenses in the dependency network potentially causes a high dependency-related license violation. We then conduct a preliminary questionnaire on the authors of packages detected as having dependency-related license violations to study the developers’ attitudes. The results reveal: 1) the developers’ overlooking and misunderstanding of the dependency-related license violations; 2) the di ffi culties in managing dependency-related license violations and the developers’ demands for help.