Further hominoid postcranial specimens from the Late Miocene Nagri formation of Pakistan

Two calcanei, a cuboid, and three manual phalanges of Late Miocene Sivapithecus from Pakistan are described. The morphology of the foot bones suggests that considerable rotation around the long axis of the foot resulted from movements at the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints. This was accompanied by other movements at the subtalar joint. Articular features of the phalanges are similar to those of palmigrade quadrupeds. However, features of shaft curvature and robusticity imply that the fingers were also subjected to tensile stresses. The combined evidence of these and previously described specimens suggests that arboreal quadrupedalism and climbing were distinctive features of Sivapithecus positional behavior.