Are too many safety measures crowding each other out?

Abstract It is well known that investments in new safety measures do not always give the intended effect, as new safety measures are sometimes offset by behavioural changes. In this article, we show that another cause for a reduced effect is that competition for resources can lead new safety measures to crowd out existing measures; to demonstrate this, we use a case related to the unloading of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) at a warehouse. If this aspect is not taken into consideration, the effects of a single measure might be considered too high. An overinvestment in new safety measures might then occur.

[1]  James H. Lambert,et al.  Risk and Safety Program Performance Evaluation and Business Process Modeling , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans.

[2]  T Bjoernskau HYPOTHESES ON RISK COMPENSATION , 1995 .

[3]  Gerald J.S. Wilde,et al.  Target risk: Dealing with the danger of death, disease and damage in everyday decisions. , 1994 .

[4]  Gudela Grote,et al.  Safety management in different high-risk domains - All the same? , 2012 .

[5]  Petter Osmundsen,et al.  Valuation of International Oil Companies , 2006 .

[6]  J. Neumann,et al.  Theory of games and economic behavior , 1945, 100 Years of Math Milestones.

[7]  Enrico Zio,et al.  Portfolio optimization of safety measures for reducing risks in nuclear systems , 2017, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[8]  Bruno Fabiano,et al.  A perspective on Seveso accident based on cause-consequences analysis by three different methods , 2017 .

[9]  Maria Chiara Leva,et al.  A compound methodology to assess the impact of human and organizational factors impact on the risk level of hazardous industrial plants , 2013, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[10]  S Fosser,et al.  An investigation of behavioural adaptation to airbags and antilock brakes among taxi drivers. , 1997, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[11]  James H. Lambert,et al.  Resilience Analytics of a Future Supply Chain for Aviation Biofuels , 2016 .

[12]  Eirik Bjorheim Abrahamsen,et al.  On how access to an insurance market affects investments in safety measures, based on the expected utility theory , 2011, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[13]  Rune Elvik,et al.  To what extent can theory account for the findings of road safety evaluation studies? , 2004, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[14]  Chiara Vianello,et al.  The Frequency of Release from Piping: a Case-study to Compare Approaches Quantifying Organizational and Managerial Factors , 2013 .

[15]  Terje Aven,et al.  Risk assessment and risk management: Review of recent advances on their foundation , 2016, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[16]  James H. Lambert,et al.  Research and Development Priorities for Energy Islanding of Military and Industrial Installations , 2013 .

[17]  Petter Osmundsen,et al.  Valuation of International Oil Companies - the Roace Era , 2005, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[18]  Maria Francesca Milazzo,et al.  An evaluation of the effects on safety of using safety standards in major hazard industries , 2013 .

[19]  T. Bedford,et al.  Probabilistic Risk Analysis: Foundations and Methods , 2001 .

[20]  Pan Hui,et al.  Mobile Augmented Reality Survey: From Where We Are to Where We Go , 2017, IEEE Access.

[21]  J Hedlund,et al.  Risky business: safety regulations, risk compensation, and individual behavior , 2000, Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention.

[22]  Guido Fioretti,et al.  The organizational learning curve , 2007, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[23]  Hans J. Pasman,et al.  A review of the past, present and future of the European loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries , 2014 .

[24]  Ken Pimentel,et al.  Virtual reality , 1993 .

[25]  T Assum,et al.  Risk compensation--the case of road lighting. , 1999, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[26]  Igor Linkov,et al.  Resilience Analytics with Application to Power Grid of a Developing Region , 2017, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

[27]  James H. Lambert,et al.  Climate and Related Uncertainties Influencing Research and Development Priorities , 2015 .

[28]  L. J. Savage,et al.  The Foundations of Statistics , 1955 .

[29]  M. Koornstra Risk-adaptation theory , 2009 .

[30]  James H. Lambert,et al.  Identification and evaluation of priorities in the business process of a risk or safety organization , 2012, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[31]  Maria Francesca Milazzo,et al.  Real-time guidance system for cranes to manage risks due to releases of hazardous materials , 2016 .

[32]  Mohammad A. AlKazimi,et al.  Investigating new risk reduction and mitigation in the oil and gas industry , 2015 .

[33]  James H. Lambert,et al.  Coordination and Diversification of Investments in Multimodal Transportation , 2007 .

[34]  Klara Vrolix Behavioral adaptation, risk compensation, risk homeostatis and moral hazard in traffic safety. , 2006 .

[35]  Alf Erling Risa Adverse Incentives from Improved Technology: Traffic Safety Regulation in Norway , 1994 .

[36]  W. Viscusi,et al.  The value of risks to life and health , 1993 .