Does Candida have a role in oral epithelial neoplasia?

Candida species are responsible for a wide variety of superficial infections of man [59] and the pathogenic role of these yeasts in many conditions has now been defined. There is, however, a great deal of controversy concerning the role of Candida species in the development of epithelial neoplasia. Vaginal and cutaneous candidosis are relatively common but there is little firm clinical or epidemiological evidence to link them to cervical neoplasia or skin carcinoma [59]. The converse is true however for oral candidosis where chronic Candida infection and neoplasia have been strongly linked. The aim of this review is to explore and evaluate the experimental and epidemiological evidence supporting an association between Candida species and oral neoplasia.

[1]  G. Renstrup.  Occurrence of candida in oral leukoplakias. , 2009, Acta pathologica et microbiologica Scandinavica. Section B: Microbiology and immunology.

[2]  J. Moore,et al.  Elevated expression of the c-myc oncoprotein correlates with poor prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. , 1989, Oncogene.

[3]  S. Hecht,et al.  Tobacco-specific nitrosamines, an important group of carcinogens in tobacco and tobacco smoke. , 1988, Carcinogenesis.

[4]  I. Ginsburg,et al.  Phagocytosis of Candida albicans enhances malignant behavior of murine tumor cells. , 1987, Science.

[5]  D. Wong,et al.  Amplification of the c-erb B1 oncogene in chemically-induced oral carcinomas. , 1987, Carcinogenesis.

[6]  P. Holmstrup,et al.  Possible mycological etiology of oral mucosal cancer: catalytic potential of infecting Candida albicans and other yeasts in production of N-nitrosobenzylmethylamine. , 1987, Carcinogenesis.

[7]  D. Spandidos,et al.  Expression of oncogenes in human tumours with special reference to the head and neck region. , 1987, Journal of oral pathology.

[8]  C. Allen,et al.  Differences in mucosal reaction related to Candida albicans isolates. , 1987, Journal of oral pathology.

[9]  W. McGuire,et al.  Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. , 1987, Science.

[10]  M. Martín,et al.  Epithelial mitotic activity during the induction of palatal candidosis in the Wistar rat. , 1986, Journal of oral pathology.

[11]  A. Skalka,et al.  Mutagenesis of the Ha-ras oncogene in mouse skin tumors induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[12]  J. Miller,et al.  Activating mutations of the c-Ha-ras protooncogene in chemically induced hepatomas of the male B6C3 F1 mouse. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[13]  A. Balmain,et al.  Carcinogen-specific mutation and amplification of Ha-ras during mouse skin carcinogenesis , 1986, Nature.

[14]  S. Sukumar,et al.  Activated K-ras and N-ras oncogenes in primary renal mesenchymal tumors induced in F344 rats by methyl(methoxymethyl)nitrosamine , 1986, Molecular and cellular biology.

[15]  M. Martín,et al.  The effects of Candida albicans on turpentine-induced hyperplasia of hamster cheek pouch epithelium. , 1986, Journal of medical and veterinary mycology : bi-monthly publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology.

[16]  D. Spandidos,et al.  Clinical relevance of oncogene expression in head and neck tumours. , 1986, Anticancer research.

[17]  J. Tenovuo.  The biochemistry of nitrates, nitrites, nitrosamines and other potential carcinogens in human saliva. , 1986, Journal of oral pathology.

[18]  D. Spandidos.  Mechanism of carcinogenesis: the role of oncogenes, transcriptional enhancers and growth factors. , 1985, Anticancer research.

[19]  E. Canaani,et al.  Fused transcript of abl and bcr genes in chronic myelogenous leukaemia , 1985, Nature.

[20]  C. Marshall,et al.  Amino-acid substitutions at codon 13 of the N-ras oncogene in human acute myeloid leukaemia , 1985, Nature.

[21]  C. Squier,et al.  The permeability of hyperplastic oral epithelium. , 1985, Journal of oral pathology.

[22]  D. Spandidos,et al.  Multiple transcriptional activation of cellular oncogenes in human head and neck solid tumours. , 1985, Anticancer research.

[23]  Yvonne De Souza,et al.  ORAL "HAIRY" LEUCOPLAKIA IN MALE HOMOSEXUALS: EVIDENCE OF ASSOCIATION WITH BOTH PAPILLOMAVIRUS AND A HERPES-GROUP VIRUS , 1984, The Lancet.

[24]  T. Axéll,et al.  International seminar on oral leukoplakia and associated lesions related to tobacco habits , 1984 .

[25]  Allan Balmain,et al.  Activation of the mouse cellular Harvey-ras gene in chemically induced benign skin papillomas , 1984, Nature.

[26]  M. Gorsky,et al.  Oral leukoplakia and malignant transformation. A follow‐up study of 257 patients , 1984, Cancer.

[27]  J. Trent,et al.  Amplified DNA with limited homology to myc cellular oncogene is shared by human neuroblastoma cell lines and a neuroblastoma tumour , 1983, Nature.

[28]  D. M. Walker,et al.  Tobacco smoking and denture wearing in oral candidal leukoplakia , 1983, British Dental Journal.

[29]  H. Varmus,et al.  A cellular oncogene (c-Ki-ras) is amplified, overexpressed, and located within karyotypic abnormalities in mouse adrenocortical tumour cells , 1983, Nature.

[30]  C. Allen,et al.  Strain-related differences in pathogenicity of Candida albicans for oral mucosa. , 1983, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[31]  A. Balmain,et al.  Mouse skin carcinomas induced in vivo by chemical carcinogens have a transforming Harvey-ras oncogene , 1983, Nature.

[32]  L. Tissi,et al.  Immunopotentiation of anticancer chemotherapy by Candida albicans, other yeasts and insoluble glucan in an experimental lymphoma model. , 1982, Sabouraudia.

[33]  J. Saavedra,et al.  Esophageal carcinogenesis in F344 rats by nitrosomethylethylamines substituted in the ethyl group. , 1982, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[34]  L. Pickle,et al.  Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. , 1981, The New England journal of medicine.

[35]  L. Anderson,et al.  Enhancement of formation of the esophageal carcinogen benzylmethylnitrosamine from its precursors by Candida albicans. , 1981, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[36]  C. Squier,et al.  Candida albicans ultrastructure: colonization and invasion of oral epithelium. , 1980, Infection and immunity.

[37]  J. Pindborg,et al.  Oral Cancer and Precancer , 1980 .

[38]  R. MacKie,et al.  The relationship between immunological parameters and response to therapy in resistant oral candidosis , 1978, The British journal of dermatology.

[39]  G. Craig,et al.  The effect of turpentine on hamster cheek pouch mucosa: a model of epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis. , 1977, Journal of oral pathology.

[40]  T. Macfarlane,et al.  Nutritional deficiency in oral candidosis. , 1977, International journal of oral surgery.

[41]  A. Burkhardt,et al.  Morphologische Klassifikation der oralen Leukoplakien , 1977 .

[42]  J. Howlett.  The infection of rat tongue mucosa in vitro with five species of Candida. , 1976, Journal of medical microbiology.

[43]  J. Jones,et al.  The histology of prolonged candidal infection of the rat's tongue. , 1975, Journal of oral pathology.

[44]  J. Jones,et al.  Candidal infection and leukoplakia. , 1973, The British journal of oral surgery.

[45]  R. Cawson.  Induction of epithelial hyperplasia by Candida albicans , 1973, The British journal of dermatology.

[46]  J. Jones,et al.  Effects of oral inoculation of Candida albicans in tetracycline-treated rats. , 1973, Journal of medical microbiology.

[47]  T. Lehner,et al.  Cell-mediated Immunity and Antibodies to Herpesvirus hominis Type 1 in Oral Leukoplakia and Carcinoma , 1973, British Journal of Cancer.

[48]  A. van der Eb,et al.  A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. , 1973, Virology.

[49]  J. Bánóczy,et al.  Longitudinal studies in oral leukoplakias. , 1972, Journal of oral pathology.

[50]  R. Cawson,et al.  ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE INVASIVE PHASE OF CANDIDA ALBICANS , 1972, The British journal of dermatology.

[51]  S. Choksi,et al.  An epidemiologic study of oral cancer and precancerous conditions among 101,761 villagers in Maharashtra, India , 1972, International journal of cancer.

[52]  F. Mehta,et al.  The presence of Candida in 723 oral leukoplakias among Indian villagers. , 1972, Scandinavian journal of dental research.

[53]  B. Magnusson.  Attempts to predict prognosis of pulpotomy in primary molars. Bacteriologic and histologic examination. , 1970, Scandinavian journal of dental research.

[54]  P. Gupta,et al.  Epidemiologic and histologic study of oral cancer and leukoplakia among 50,915 villagers in India , 1969, Cancer.

[55]  F. Fukuoka,et al.  Antitumor activity of polysaccharides. II. Growth-inhibitory activity of mannan fractions isolated from several species of yeasts against sarcoma-180 solid tumor. , 1969, Gan.

[56]  G. Just,et al.  Carcinogens from fungi pathogenic for man. , 1968, Cancer research.

[57]  T. Lehner,et al.  CHRONIC HYPERPLASTTC CANDIDIASIS—CANDIDAL LEUKOPLAKIA , 1968, The British journal of dermatology.

[58]  R. Cawson.  Chronic oral candidiasis and leukoplakia. , 1966, Oral surgery, oral medicine, and oral pathology.

[59]  S. Silverman,et al.  STUDIES IN ORAL LEUKOPLAKIAS. V. CLINICAL AND HISTOLOGIC SIGNS OF MALIGNANCY. , 1963, Acta odontologica Scandinavica.

[60]  P. Kozinn,et al.  Experimental vaginal candidiasis in mice; its implications for superficial candidiasis in humans. , 1960, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[61]  P. Armitage,et al.  A Two-stage Theory of Carcinogenesis in Relation to the Age Distribution of Human Cancer , 1957, British Journal of Cancer.

[62]  G. R. Girdlestone,et al.  Tuberculosis of bones and joints. , 1947, British medical journal.

[63]  J. Pindborg,et al.  Oral lesions in patients with HIV infection. , 1988, Journal - Connecticut State Dental Association.

[64]  J. Moore,et al.  A sensitive and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbence assay for the c-myc and N-myc oncoproteins. , 1987, Oncogene research.

[65]  William E. Grizzle,et al.  Detection of high incidence of K-ras oncogenes during human colon tumorigenesis , 1987, Nature.

[66]  B. Vogelstein,et al.  Prevalence of ras gene mutations in human colorectal cancers , 1987, Nature.

[67]  J. Pindborg,et al.  Yeast species and biotypes associated with oral leukoplakia and lichen planus. , 1987, Oral surgery, oral medicine, and oral pathology.

[68]  D. Wong,et al.  Expression of c-erbB proto-oncogene during dimethylbenzanthracene-induced tumorigenesis in hamster cheek pouch. , 1987, Oncogene.

[69]  M. Barbacid,et al.  Direct mutagenesis of Ha-ras-1 oncogenes by N-nitroso-N-methylurea during initiation of mammary carcinogenesis in rats , 1985, Nature.

[70]  A. Pellicer,et al.  A molecular approach to leukemogenesis: mouse lymphomas contain an activated c-ras oncogene. , 1984, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[71]  H. Varmus.  The molecular genetics of cellular oncogenes. , 1984, Annual review of genetics.

[72]  I. Mackenzie,et al.  Etiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma. , 1983, Journal of oral pathology.

[73]  J. Bishop.  Cellular oncogenes and retroviruses. , 1983, Annual review of biochemistry.

[74]  G. Alfred.  Hereditary Cancers of Man , 1983 .

[75]  D. Macdonald,et al.  Quantitative histological analysis of the epithelium of the ventral surface of hamster tongue in experimental iron deficiency. , 1982, Archives of oral biology.

[76]  J. Bánóczy,et al.  Follow-up studies in oral leukoplakia. , 1977, Journal of maxillofacial surgery.

[77]  T. Axéll.  A prevalence study of oral mucosal lesions in an adult Swedish population. , 1976, Odontologisk revy. Supplement.

[78]  C. Squier.  The permeability of keratinized and nonkeratinized oral epithelium to horseradish peroxidase. , 1973, Journal of ultrastructure research.

[79]  J. Pindborg,et al.  Candida in oral leukoplakias. A histologic and exfoliative cytologic study. , 1970, Scandinavian journal of dental research.

[80]  A. Jepsen,et al.  MYCOTIC INFECTION IN ORAL LEUKOPLAKIA. , 1965, Acta odontologica Scandinavica.