Who Writes the News? Corporate Press Releases During Merger Negotiations

type="main"> Firms have an incentive to manage media coverage to influence their stock prices during important corporate events. Using comprehensive data on media coverage and merger negotiations, we find that bidders in stock mergers originate substantially more news stories after the start of merger negotiations, but before the public announcement. This strategy generates a short-lived run-up in bidders' stock prices during the period when the stock exchange ratio is determined, which substantially impacts the takeover price. Our results demonstrate that the timing and content of financial media coverage may be biased by firms seeking to manipulate their stock price.

[1]  W. Greene,et al.  Accounting for Excess Zeros and Sample Selection in Poisson and Negative Binomial Regression Models , 1994 .

[2]  Todd C. Pulvino Do Asset Fire Sales Exist? An Empirical Investigation of Commercial Aircraft Transactions , 1998 .

[3]  Gregory S. Miller,et al.  Investor Relations, Firm Visibility, and Investor Following , 2007 .

[4]  Micah S. Officer,et al.  Target-Firm Information Asymmetry and Acquirer Returns , 2008 .

[5]  Anand M. Vijh,et al.  Do Long‐Term Shareholders Benefit From Corporate Acquisitions? , 1997 .

[6]  W. S. Chan,et al.  Stock Price Reaction to News and No-News: Drift and Reversal after Headlines , 2001 .

[7]  Saeyoung Chang,et al.  Takeovers of Privately Held Targets, Methods of Payment, and Bidder Returns , 1998 .

[8]  Jarrad Harford,et al.  Corporate Cash Reserves and Acquisitions , 1997 .

[9]  Paul C. Tetlock,et al.  All the News That's Fit to Reprint: Do Investors React to Stale Information? , 2010 .

[10]  CEO Interviews on CNBC , 2014 .

[11]  Micah S. Officer The Market Pricing of Implicit Options in Merger Collars , 2006 .

[12]  S. Viswanathan,et al.  Valuation Waves and Merger Activity: The Empirical Evidence , 2004 .

[13]  Mara Faccio,et al.  The Choice of Payment Method in European Mergers and Acquisitions , 2005 .

[14]  D. Larcker,et al.  The Power of the Pen and Executive Compensation , 2007 .

[15]  Brad M. Barber,et al.  All that Glitters: The Effect of Attention and News on the Buying Behavior of Individual and Institutional Investors , 2006 .

[16]  J. Lewellen The Cross Section of Expected Stock Returns , 2014 .

[17]  Joseph Engelberg,et al.  The Causal Impact of Media in Financial Markets , 2009 .

[18]  Alok Kumar Hard-to-Value Stocks, Behavioral Biases, and Informed Trading , 2008 .

[19]  Luigi Zingales,et al.  The Corporate Governance Role of the Media , 2002 .

[20]  Paul C. Tetlock Giving Content to Investor Sentiment: The Role of Media in the Stock Market , 2005, The Journal of Finance.

[21]  Andrea Prat,et al.  Handcuffs for the Grabbing Hand? Media Capture and Government Accountability , 2002 .

[22]  Mike Stegemoller,et al.  The Underpricing of Private Targets , 2009 .

[23]  Erik Stafford,et al.  New Evidence and Perspectives on Mergers , 2001 .

[24]  Tim Loughran,et al.  When is a Liability not a Liability? Textual Analysis, Dictionaries, and 10-Ks , 2010 .

[25]  Tim S. Campbell Optimal Investment Financing Decisions and the Value of Confidentiality , 1979, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis.

[26]  Robert E. Verrecchia Information quality and discretionary disclosure , 1990 .

[27]  Eugene F. Soltes,et al.  Winners in the Spotlight: Media Coverage of Fund Holdings as a Driver of Flows , 2013 .

[28]  Joel Peress,et al.  Media Coverage and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns , 2008 .

[29]  Jeffry Netter,et al.  What do returns to acquiring firms tell us? Evidence from firms that make many acquisitions , 2002 .

[30]  Stefano DellaVigna,et al.  Investor Inattention and Friday Earnings Announcements , 2009 .

[31]  Harry Huizinga,et al.  International Taxation and the Direction and Volume of Cross-Border M&As , 2006 .

[32]  C. Fee,et al.  Proprietary Costs and the Disclosure of Information About Customers , 2010 .

[33]  R. O’Hara,et al.  Do not log‐transform count data , 2010 .

[34]  Janine Priolli Corporate governance and capital flows in a global economy , 2006 .

[35]  Elizabeth Demers,et al.  Soft information in earnings announcements: news or noise? , 2008 .

[36]  The Role of the Media in Initial Public Offerings , 2007 .

[37]  David H. Solomon,et al.  Selective Publicity and Stock Prices , 2010 .

[38]  Erik Stafford,et al.  Managerial Decisions and Long-Term Stock Price Performance , 1999 .

[39]  Paul Hribar,et al.  CEO Compensation and Incentives - Evidence from M&A Bonuses , 2003 .

[40]  D. Hirshleifer Investor Psychology and Asset Pricing , 2001 .

[41]  M. Darrough,et al.  Disclosure policy and competition: Cournot vs. Bertrand , 1993 .

[42]  R. Roll,et al.  The Hubris Hypothesis of Corporate Takeovers , 1986 .

[43]  René M. Stulz,et al.  How Do Diversity of Opinion and Information Asymmetry Affect Acquirer Returns , 2007 .

[44]  Eric Zitzewitz,et al.  Do Ads Influence Editors? Advertising and Bias in the Financial Media , 2005 .

[45]  K. Ahern,et al.  Bargaining Power and Industry Dependence in Mergers , 2010 .

[46]  Zhi Da,et al.  In Search of Attention , 2009 .

[47]  Jason Abrevaya Leapfrog estimation of a fixed-effects model with unknown transformation of the dependent variable , 1999 .

[48]  Alexander Dyck,et al.  The Bubble and the Media , 2002 .

[49]  Brad M. Barber,et al.  Trading is Hazardous to Your Wealth: The Common Stock Investment Performance of Individual Investors , 2000 .

[50]  B. Kogut,et al.  Corporate Governance and Capital Flows in Global Economy , 2003 .

[51]  Proprietary Costs and the Disclosure of Information About Customers , 2012 .

[52]  M. C. Jensen,et al.  Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers , 1999 .

[53]  Erik Stafford,et al.  Price Pressure Around Mergers , 2002 .

[54]  Christopher J. Malloy,et al.  Sell Side School Ties , 2008 .

[55]  S. Viswanathan,et al.  Market Valuation and Merger Waves , 2004 .

[56]  Josh Lerner,et al.  Private Equity and Long-Run Investment: The Case of Innovation , 2008 .

[57]  S. Viswanathan,et al.  Valuation waves and merger activity: The empirical evidence ☆ , 2005 .

[58]  Jesse M. Shapiro,et al.  Media Bias and Reputation , 2005, Journal of Political Economy.

[59]  R. Hansen,et al.  A Theory for the Choice of Exchange Medium in Mergers and Acquisitions , 1987 .

[60]  Matthew Rhodes-Kropf,et al.  The Market for Mergers and the Boundaries of the Firm , 2004 .

[61]  René M. Stulz,et al.  Firm size and the gains from acquisitions , 2004 .

[62]  Tim Groseclose,et al.  A Measure of Media Bias , 2005 .

[63]  Robert B. O'Hara,et al.  Do not log‐transform count data , 2010 .

[64]  Clara Vega Stock Price Reaction to Public and Private Information , 2004 .

[65]  Josh Lerner,et al.  The new new financial thing: The origins of financial innovations , 2006 .

[66]  Pravin K. Trivedi,et al.  Regression Analysis of Count Data , 1998 .

[67]  Z. Griliches,et al.  Econometric Models for Count Data with an Application to the Patents-R&D Relationship , 1984 .

[68]  E. Fama,et al.  The Adjustment of Stock Prices to New Information , 1969 .

[69]  A. Shleifer,et al.  The Market for News , 2003 .

[70]  Robert A. Van Ness,et al.  On the Marketing of IPOs , 2006 .

[71]  J. H. Mulherin,et al.  How are Firms Sold? , 2006 .

[72]  Terrance Odean Do Investors Trade Too Much? , 1998 .

[73]  Investor Relations, Firm Visibility, and Investor Following , 2007 .

[74]  Michael W. Brandt,et al.  The Idiosyncratic Volatility Puzzle: Time Trend or Speculative Episodes? , 2008 .

[75]  Gur Huberman,et al.  Contagious Speculation and a Cure for Cancer: A Nonevent that Made Stock Prices Soar , 2001 .

[76]  Luigi Zingales,et al.  The Corporate Governance Role of the Media: Evidence from Russia , 2006 .

[77]  R. C. Merton,et al.  Presidential Address: A simple model of capital market equilibrium with incomplete information , 1987 .

[78]  Stefano DellaVigna,et al.  The Fox News Effect: Media Bias and Voting , 2006 .

[79]  Z. Griliches,et al.  Econometric Models for Count Data with an Application to the Patents-R&D Relationship , 1984 .

[80]  Alexander W. Butler,et al.  Don't Believe the Hype: Local Media Slant, Local Advertising, and Firm Value , 2011 .