Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and its 3D printed implants applications in medical field: An overview

Abstract Background Extensively studied research articles on Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) in "medical" and "PEEK 3D printing in the medical field" to identify a direction of the development and identify critical applications in medicine. Materials and methods This is a literature-based study of research articles listed in Scopus. A literature review & bibliometric analysis is done to achieve the research objective. Results Searching keywords as "PEEK" "medical" through Scopus identified 426 research articles and searching "PEEK" "medical" "3D printing" identified ten articles. This study identifies that PEEK is a suitable material that helps innovation and helps to solve different surgical and medical problems. Analysis of the Scopus data depicts an increasing trend in the medical field, especially the application of this material. Much research is done on PEEK in medical, but there is very less work reported on PEEK 3D printing in medical. 3D PEEK implants are preferred in medical for requirements of extensive customisation. This technology caters well to the manufacturing of prosthetics, artificial bone, heart & its parts and other human parts. Finally, twelve important applications areas are identified in medical. Conclusion PEEK has somewhat bone like properties. This material can be well used in 3D printing technologies to help fulfil various challenges of the medical. In medical, PEEK materials foresee different surgical application as it can replace titanium and ceramic implants. The need is to explore the use of PEEK in different surgeries of orthopaedic, spine, maxilla-facial, cranial and others 3D printing manufactures complex design implants as per requirement of a patient with an exact match. This material is also applicable for cardiac surgery like manufacturing of heart valve prostheses and leaflet heart valves. PEEK material is hard, lightweight, stiff and is a robust polymer while having satisfactory wear properties that help implants with an extended life. In dentistry, PEEK implants have also the potential for use in tooth replacement. It seems somewhat cost-effective to fulfil innovative medical requirements with comparable wear and mechanical strength.

[1]  W. Müller,et al.  Finite element analysis of the biomechanical effects of PEEK dental implants on the peri-implant bone. , 2015, Journal of biomechanics.

[2]  M. Bhandari,et al.  The Use of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced (CFR) PEEK Material in Orthopedic Implants: A Systematic Review , 2015, Clinical medicine insights. Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders.

[3]  B. Lu,et al.  Medical applications of polyether ether ketone , 2018 .

[4]  Nikita Sinha,et al.  Versatility of PEEK as a fixed partial denture framework , 2017, Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society.

[5]  S. Giannini,et al.  Single-level anterior cervical discectomy and interbody fusion using PEEK anatomical cervical cage and allograft bone , 2011, Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology.

[6]  Young-Jun Lim,et al.  Stress shielding and fatigue limits of poly-ether-ether-ketone dental implants. , 2012, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[7]  S. Kurtz,et al.  PEEK biomaterials in trauma, orthopedic, and spinal implants. , 2007, Biomaterials.

[8]  Philipp Honigmann,et al.  Patient-Specific Surgical Implants Made of 3D Printed PEEK: Material, Technology, and Scope of Surgical Application , 2018, BioMed research international.

[9]  Tetsuo Ichikawa,et al.  PEEK with Reinforced Materials and Modifications for Dental Implant Applications , 2017, Dentistry journal.

[10]  M. J. Highsmith,et al.  3D printed tooling for thermoforming of medical devices , 2011 .

[11]  S. Ferguson,et al.  The long-term mechanical integrity of non-reinforced PEEK-OPTIMA polymer for demanding spinal applications: experimental and finite-element analysis , 2005, European Spine Journal.

[12]  Shoufeng Yang,et al.  Extrusion-based additive manufacturing of PEEK for biomedical applications , 2015 .

[13]  Faleh Tamimi,et al.  Improving PEEK bioactivity for craniofacial reconstruction using a 3D printed scaffold embedded with mesenchymal stem cells , 2016, Journal of biomaterials applications.

[14]  Ming-Chuan Chiu,et al.  Simulation based method considering design for additive manufacturing and supply chain: An empirical study of lamp industry , 2016, Ind. Manag. Data Syst..

[15]  W. Walsh,et al.  In vivo implant fixation of carbon fiber‐reinforced PEEK hip prostheses in an ovine model , 2013, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[16]  Ming Xu,et al.  Mechanical and biological characteristics of diamond-like carbon coated poly aryl-ether-ether-ketone. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[17]  Muhammad Sohail Zafar,et al.  Applications of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) in oral implantology and prosthodontics. , 2016, Journal of prosthodontic research.

[18]  Rajesh Kumar Sharma,et al.  Basics and applications of rapid prototyping medical models , 2014 .

[19]  Ji Zhao,et al.  Influence of Layer Thickness and Raster Angle on the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed PEEK and a Comparative Mechanical Study between PEEK and ABS , 2015, Materials.

[20]  Ian Gibson,et al.  A review of 3D concrete printing systems and materials properties: current status and future research prospects , 2018 .

[21]  D. Popescu,et al.  Design and 3D printing customized guides for orthopaedic surgery – lessons learned , 2018, Rapid Prototyping Journal.

[22]  R. Kalff,et al.  PEEK cages as a potential alternative in the treatment of cervical spondylodiscitis: a preliminary report on a patient series , 2010, European Spine Journal.

[23]  Mohd Javaid,et al.  Current status and applications of 3D scanning in dentistry , 2018, Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health.

[24]  F. Lauwers,et al.  One-step primary reconstruction for complex craniofacial resection with PEEK custom-made implants. , 2014, Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery.

[25]  Michele Marcolongo,et al.  Structure–property relationships for 3D-printed PEEK intervertebral lumbar cages produced using fused filament fabrication , 2018, Journal of Materials Research.

[26]  Patrick J Byrne,et al.  Use of customized polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implants in the reconstruction of complex maxillofacial defects. , 2009, Archives of facial plastic surgery.

[27]  Mohd Javaid,et al.  Three-Dimensional-Printed Polyether Ether Ketone Implants for Orthopedics , 2019, Indian journal of orthopaedics.

[28]  Shally Awasthi,et al.  Rural background and low parental literacy associated with discharge against medical advice from a tertiary care government hospital in India , 2015 .

[29]  J. Wood,et al.  Accelerated degradation of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composite materials for recycling applications , 2015 .

[30]  F. Deng,et al.  Nano-TiO2/PEEK bioactive composite as a bone substitute material: in vitro and in vivo studies , 2012, International journal of nanomedicine.

[31]  Mohd Javaid,et al.  Additive manufacturing applications in cardiology: A review , 2018, The Egyptian heart journal : (EHJ) : official bulletin of the Egyptian Society of Cardiology.

[32]  Mutlu Özcan,et al.  Fracture strength and failure mode of maxillary implant-supported provisional single crowns: a comparison of composite resin crowns fabricated directly over PEEK abutments and solid titanium abutments. , 2012, Clinical implant dentistry and related research.

[33]  Wai Yee Yeong,et al.  3D printed bio-models for medical applications , 2017 .

[34]  M. Javaid,et al.  Additive manufacturing applications in medical cases: A literature based review , 2018, Alexandria Journal of Medicine.

[35]  M. Salai,et al.  Carbon fiber reinforced PEEK Optima--a composite material biomechanical properties and wear/debris characteristics of CF-PEEK composites for orthopedic trauma implants. , 2013, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.

[36]  A. M. Blanco,et al.  Development of a patients-specific 3D-printed preoperative planning and training tool, with functionalized internal surfaces, for complex oncologic cases , 2019, Rapid Prototyping Journal.

[37]  Feng-Lai Yuan,et al.  Skip-level Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion With Self-locking Stand-alone PEEK Cages for the Treatment of 2 Noncontiguous Levels of Cervical Spondylosis , 2013, Journal of spinal disorders & techniques.

[38]  Bruno Henriques,et al.  Physicochemical and biological assessment of PEEK composites embedding natural amorphous silica fibers for biomedical applications. , 2017, Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.

[39]  Ricky D. Wildman,et al.  Development, printability and post-curing studies of formulations of materials resistant to microbial attachment for use in inkjet based 3D printing , 2016 .

[40]  H Hamada,et al.  Performance study of braided carbon/PEEK composite compression bone plates. , 2003, Biomaterials.

[41]  Sandeep W. Dahake,et al.  Applications of medical rapid prototyping assisted customized surgical guides in complex surgeries , 2016 .

[42]  Ann Wennerberg,et al.  Biomechanical evaluation and surface characterization of a nano-modified surface on PEEK implants: a study in the rabbit tibia , 2014, International journal of nanomedicine.

[43]  D. Raabe,et al.  The influence of sterilization processes on the micromechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK composites for bone implant applications. , 2007, Acta biomaterialia.

[44]  F. Cuisinier,et al.  Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for medical applications , 2016, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine.

[45]  Xiaoyong Tian,et al.  Influence of thermal processing conditions in 3D printing on the crystallinity and mechanical properties of PEEK material , 2017 .

[46]  K. Kabir,et al.  EVALUATION OF CARBON-FIBRE-REINFORCED PEEK AS MATERIAL FOR INTERVERTEBRAL DISC REPLACEMENT , 2014 .

[47]  Abdulhafez Selim,et al.  Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Rods for Lumbar Fusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis , 2018, International Journal of Spine Surgery.

[48]  Shally Awasthi,et al.  Developing effective health communication messages for community acquired pneumonia in children under five years of age: A rural North Indian qualitative study , 2017 .

[49]  Sanat Agrawal,et al.  Selection of selective laser sintering materials for different applications , 2015 .

[50]  M. Rousseau,et al.  Circumferential Arthrodesis Using PEEK Cages at the Lumbar Spine , 2007, Journal of spinal disorders & techniques.

[51]  Hyoun‐Ee Kim,et al.  The electron beam deposition of titanium on polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and the resulting enhanced biological properties. , 2010, Biomaterials.

[52]  Rainer Bader,et al.  Characterization of thick titanium plasma spray coatings on PEEK materials used for medical implants and the influence on the mechanical properties. , 2018, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.

[53]  J. Fisher,et al.  Influence of contact pressure, cross-shear and counterface material on the wear of PEEK and CFR-PEEK for orthopaedic applications , 2016, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.

[54]  Mohd Javaid,et al.  Current status and challenges of Additive manufacturing in orthopaedics: An overview. , 2019, Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma.

[55]  A. Wang,et al.  Suitability and limitations of carbon fiber reinforced PEEK composites as bearing surfaces for total joint replacements , 1999 .

[56]  Mohd Javaid,et al.  Additive manufacturing applications in orthopaedics: A review. , 2018, Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma.

[57]  Mohd Javaid,et al.  3D scanning applications in medical field: A literature-based review , 2018, Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health.

[58]  P. Scolozzi,et al.  Complex orbito-fronto-temporal reconstruction using computer-designed PEEK implant. , 2007, The Journal of craniofacial surgery.

[59]  P. McGarry,et al.  Multi-axial damage and failure of medical grade carbon fibre reinforced PEEK laminates: Experimental testing and computational modelling. , 2018, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials.

[60]  Philip J. Rae,et al.  The mechanical properties of poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) with emphasis on the large compressive strain response , 2007 .

[61]  J. Tipper,et al.  The Biologic Response to Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Wear Particles in Total Joint Replacement: A Systematic Review , 2016, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[62]  H. Wong,et al.  Solis cage (PEEK) for anterior cervical fusion: preliminary radiological results with emphasis on fusion and subsidence. , 2007, The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society.

[63]  Zhongmin Jin,et al.  Preliminary Investigation of Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone Based on Fused Deposition Modeling for Medical Applications , 2018, Materials.

[64]  C. Niu,et al.  Outcomes of Interbody Fusion Cages Used in 1 and 2-levels Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: Titanium Cages Versus Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Cages , 2010, Journal of spinal disorders & techniques.

[65]  A Unsworth,et al.  Wear studies on the likely performance of CFR-PEEK/CoCrMo for use as artificial joint bearing materials , 2009, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[66]  Israel Valverde,et al.  Potential of 3D-printed models in planning structural interventional procedures , 2015 .

[67]  T. Nieminen,et al.  Amorphous and crystalline polyetheretherketone: Mechanical properties and tissue reactions during a 3-year follow-up. , 2008, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[68]  A. Wennerberg,et al.  Nano-hydroxyapatite-coated PEEK implants: a pilot study in rabbit bone. , 2013, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[69]  Federico Cabitza,et al.  3D printing objects as knowledge artifacts for a do-it-yourself approach in clinical practice: A questionnaire-based user study in the orthopaedics domain , 2018, Data Technol. Appl..

[70]  Ariadne Cruz,et al.  Evaluation of the stress distribution in CFR-PEEK dental implants by the three-dimensional finite element method , 2010, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[71]  Y. Toshev,et al.  MEDICAL RAPID PROTOTYPING APPLICATIONS AND METHODS , 2005 .

[72]  M. Javaid,et al.  Role of CT and MRI in the design and development of orthopaedic model using additive manufacturing. , 2018, Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma.