Pre-OMERACT 2014 Workshop on Chronic Pain Is Chronic Pain a Disease in Its Own Right? Discussions from a

. At the pain workshop held prior to the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) 12 conference, chronic nonmalignant pain (CP) as a “disease” was discussed, in response to growing interest in this concept and in terms of the effect on the OMERACT Filter 2.0 framework. CP is often assessed as a unidimensional outcome measure; however, if CP is a disease, then outcome measures need to define the disease state and identify all its manifestations as well as its effects, as specified by Filter 2.0. The aim was to write a discussion piece, reflecting the workshop contributions and debate, as an important step in opening a dialogue around future OMERACT Filter 2.0 Framework develop-ments. (First

[1]  P. Tugwell,et al.  Developing core outcome measurement sets for clinical trials: OMERACT filter 2.0. , 2014, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[2]  P. Henningsen,et al.  Untying chronic pain: prevalence and societal burden of chronic pain stages in the general population - a cross-sectional survey , 2014, BMC Public Health.

[3]  B. Galer,et al.  The words patients use to describe chronic pain: Implications for measuring pain quality , 2013, PAIN®.

[4]  C. Sommer,et al.  Objective evidence that small-fiber polyneuropathy underlies some illnesses currently labeled as fibromyalgia , 2013, PAIN®.

[5]  Milton L Cohen,et al.  Is chronic pain a disease? , 2013, Pain medicine.

[6]  Daniel Zeller,et al.  Small fibre pathology in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. , 2013, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[7]  R. Edwards,et al.  Discordance between pain and radiographic severity in knee osteoarthritis: findings from quantitative sensory testing of central sensitization. , 2013, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[8]  Luke A Henderson,et al.  Pain and Plasticity: Is Chronic Pain Always Associated with Somatosensory Cortex Activity and Reorganization? , 2012, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[9]  L. Chang,et al.  Overlap between functional GI disorders and other functional syndromes: what are the underlying mechanisms? , 2012, Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society.

[10]  H. Flor,et al.  Targeting Cortical Representations in the Treatment of Chronic Pain , 2012, Neurorehabilitation and neural repair.

[11]  P. Fine.  Long-term consequences of chronic pain: mounting evidence for pain as a neurological disease and parallels with other chronic disease states. , 2011, Pain medicine.

[12]  A. May.  Structural Brain Imaging: A Window into Chronic Pain , 2011, The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry.

[13]  C. Woolf.  Central sensitization: Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain , 2011, PAIN.

[14]  L. Becerra,et al.  Biomarkers for chronic pain and analgesia. Part 2: how, where, and what to look for using functional imaging. , 2011, Discovery medicine.

[15]  L. Becerra,et al.  Biomarkers for chronic pain and analgesia. Part 1: the need, reality, challenges, and solutions. , 2011, Discovery medicine.

[16]  E. McAuley,et al.  Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[17]  G. Dussor,et al.  Central modulation of pain. , 2010, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[18]  L. Arendt-Nielsen,et al.  Sensitization in patients with painful knee osteoarthritis , 2010, PAIN.

[19]  D. Doleys,et al.  How neuroimaging studies have challenged us to rethink: is chronic pain a disease? , 2010, The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society.

[20]  S. Jacobsen,et al.  Case definitions of knee osteoarthritis in 4,151 unselected subjects: relevance for epidemiological studies , 2010, Skeletal Radiology.

[21]  Arne May,et al.  Brain Gray Matter Decrease in Chronic Pain Is the Consequence and Not the Cause of Pain , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[22]  A. Carr,et al.  Psychophysical and functional imaging evidence supporting the presence of central sensitization in a cohort of osteoarthritis patients. , 2009, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[23]  David Felson,et al.  Association between radiographic features of knee osteoarthritis and pain: results from two cohort studies , 2009, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[24]  R. Edwards,et al.  Enhanced reactivity to pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis , 2009, Arthritis research & therapy.

[25]  John Bedson,et al.  The discordance between clinical and radiographic knee osteoarthritis: A systematic search and summary of the literature , 2008, BMC musculoskeletal disorders.

[26]  N. Shenker,et al.  Contralateral hyperalgesia and allodynia following intradermal capsaicin injection in man , 2008, Rheumatology.

[27]  R. Chou,et al.  Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Acute and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Review of the Evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline , 2007, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[28]  David A Seminowicz,et al.  Accelerated Brain Gray Matter Loss in Fibromyalgia Patients: Premature Aging of the Brain? , 2007, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[29]  M. Cousins.  Persistent pain : A disease entity , 2007 .

[30]  S. Rauch,et al.  Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness , 2005, Neuroreport.

[31]  J. Pearce,et al.  Chronic regional pain and chronic pain syndromes , 2005, Spinal Cord.

[32]  A. Apkarian,et al.  Chronic Back Pain Is Associated with Decreased Prefrontal and Thalamic Gray Matter Density , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[33]  D. Niv,et al.  Chronic Pain as a Disease in its Own Right , 2004, Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain.

[34]  P. Siddall,et al.  Persistent Pain as a Disease Entity: Implications for Clinical Management , 2004, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[35]  P. Hansson,et al.  Somatosensory perception and function of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis , 2002, European journal of pain.

[36]  D. Felson,et al.  Analysis of the discordance between radiographic changes and knee pain in osteoarthritis of the knee. , 2000, The Journal of rheumatology.

[37]  V. Morris,et al.  Characterisation of capsaicin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia as a marker for altered nociceptive processing in patients with rheumatoid arthritis , 1997, Pain.

[38]  S. Santavirta,et al.  Peripheral and spinal neural mechanisms in arthritis, with particular reference to treatment of inflammation and pain. , 1994, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[39]  H. Schaible,et al.  Afferent and spinal mechanisms of joint pain , 1993, Pain.

[40]  E. Ichesco,et al.  Changes in regional gray and white matter volume in patients with myofascial-type temporomandibular disorders: a voxel-based morphometry study. , 2011, Journal of orofacial pain.