The Integration of the Humanities and Arts with Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in Higher Education

This study examined an important trend in higher education: integration of the humanities and arts with sciences, engineering, and medicine at the undergraduate and graduate level—which proponents argue will better prepare students for work, life, and citizenship. Integrative models intentionally seek to bridge the knowledge, modes of inquiry, and pedagogies from multiple disciplines—the humanities, arts, sciences, engineering, technology, mathematics, and medicine—within the context of a single course or program of study. A diverse array of colleges and universities now offer students integrative courses and programs, and many faculty are enthusiastic advocates for this educational approach. This movement in higher education raises an important question: what impact do these curricular approaches have on students?

[1]  Nelson Graff.  "An Effective and Agonizing Way to Learn": Backwards Design and New Teachers' Preparation for Planning Curriculum. , 2011 .

[2]  Greg Pearson,et al.  Messages For Improving Public Understanding Of Engineering , 2008 .

[3]  Lisa Tsui,et al.  Effective Strategies to Increase Diversity in STEM Fields: A Review of the Research Literature , 2007 .

[4]  Donna Haraway,et al.  A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies , 1994 .

[5]  George D. Kuh.  High-Impact Educational Practices: What They Are, Who Has Access to Them, and Why They Matter , 2008 .

[6]  N. Maffulli,et al.  The effectiveness of arts‐based interventions in medical education: a literature review , 2011, Medical education.

[7]  Models of Centralized and Decentralized Budgeting within Universities , 2002 .

[8]  R. Merton,et al.  Genesis and development of a scientific fact , 1979 .

[9]  The Landscape of the Liberal Arts. , 2013 .

[10]  Jonathan Stolk,et al.  Can disciplinary integration promote students’ lifelong learning attitudes and skills in project-based engineering courses? , 2015 .

[11]  Teis Hansen,et al.  Interdisciplinary research and geography: Overcoming barriers through proximity , 2015 .

[12]  David C. Engerman.  The pedagogical purposes of interdisciplinary social science: a view from area studies in the United States. , 2015, Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences.

[13]  Nancy Lampert.  Critical Thinking Dispositions as an Outcome of Art Education , 2006 .

[14]  Behiye Akçay,et al.  Effectiveness of Science-Technology-Society (STS) Instruction on Student Understanding of the Nature of Science and Attitudes toward Science , 2015 .

[15]  T. C. Duffy,et al.  LOOKING Is Not SEEING and LISTENING Is Not HEARING: Effect of an Intervention to Enhance Auditory Skills of Graduate‐Entry Nursing Students , 2012, Nursing education perspectives.

[16]  W. Dail.  On Cultural Polymathy: How Visual Thinking, Culture, and Community Create a Platform for Progress , 2013 .

[17]  J. Peel,et al.  Art Rounds: Teaching Interprofessional Students Visual Thinking Strategies at One School , 2011, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[18]  David DiBiasio,et al.  The Theatre of Humanitarian Engineering , 2017 .

[19]  A. Boylston.  The Myth of the Milkmaid. , 2018, New England Journal of Medicine.

[20]  Daniel Stokols,et al.  A four-phase model of transdisciplinary team-based research: goals, team processes, and strategies , 2012, Translational behavioral medicine.

[21]  On Education.  Strong foundations : twelve principles for effective general education programs , 1994 .

[22]  Angela Byars-Winston,et al.  Influence of social cognitive and ethnic variables on academic goals of underrepresented students in science and engineering: a multiple-groups analysis. , 2010, Journal of counseling psychology.

[23]  Sheena Ghanbari,et al.  Learning across Disciplines: A Collective Case Study of Two University Programs That Integrate the Arts with STEM. , 2015 .

[24]  Susan M. Schneider.  Learning to be creative. , 1997 .

[25]  Triumphs, Controversies, and Change: Women’s Studies 1970s to the Twenty-First Century , 2008 .

[26]  Temple,et al.  PP , 2018, Catalysis from A to Z.

[27]  I. Feller.  New organizations, old cultures: strategy and implementation of interdisciplinary programs , 2002 .

[28]  R. Charon,et al.  Pediatric narrative oncology: interprofessional training to promote empathy, build teams, and prevent burnout. , 2008, The journal of supportive oncology.

[29]  D. Rhoten,et al.  Risks and Rewards of an Interdisciplinary Research Path , 2004, Science.

[30]  Constitutional Calculus: The Math of Justice and the Myth of Common Sense , 2015 .

[31]  D. Stentoft,et al.  From saying to doing interdisciplinary learning: Is problem-based learning the answer? , 2017 .

[32]  M. Begg,et al.  Graduate Education for the Future: New Models and Methods for the Clinical and Translational Workforce , 2015, Clinical and translational science.

[33]  Sheryl A. Sorby,et al.  Assessment of a "New and Improved" Course for the Development of 3-D Spatial Skills , 2009 .

[34]  K. Fuller,et al.  Curriculum Integration: The Experience of Three Founding Faculty at a New Community College. , 2015 .

[35]  L. Botstein.  The Training of Musicians , 2000 .

[36]  Michael K. Jarvinen,et al.  Elevating Student Potential: Creating Digital Video to Teach Neurotransmission , 2012, Journal of undergraduate neuroscience education : JUNE : a publication of FUN, Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience.

[37]  Gregory J. Crowther.  Using Science Songs to Enhance Learning: An Interdisciplinary Approach , 2012, CBE life sciences education.

[38]  Ann L. Brown,et al.  How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school. , 1999 .

[39]  M. R. Kerbel.  What About Us? , 2018, Remote & Controlled.

[40]  A. Collins,et al.  Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning , 1989 .

[41]  Martha Craven Nussbaum,et al.  Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education , 1997 .

[42]  Hasan Tinmaz,et al.  Implementing Project-Based Learning And E-Portfolio Assessment In an Undergraduate Course , 2006 .

[43]  P. Pesic.  Music and the Making of Modern Science , 2014 .

[44]  Thaddeus R. Miller,et al.  The future of sustainability science: a solutions-oriented research agenda , 2013, Sustainability Science.

[45]  Sheila T. Cavanagh,et al.  Bringing Our Brains to the Humanities: Increasing the Value of Our Classes while Supporting Our Futures , 2009 .

[46]  Shawn M. Glynn,et al.  Reading and Writing to Learn Science: Achieving Scientific Literacy. , 1994 .

[47]  Amber Settle,et al.  Beyond computer science: computational thinking across disciplines , 2013, ITiCSE '13.

[48]  Cynthia C. Bennett.  Anatomic body painting: where visual art meets science. , 2014, The journal of physician assistant education : the official journal of the Physician Assistant Education Association.

[49]  Jacqualine B. Grant,et al.  Innovative Arts Programs Require Innovative Partnerships: A Case Study of STEAM Partnering between an Art Gallery and a Natural History Museum , 2016 .

[50]  Why Poets Just Don't Get It in the Physics Classroom: Stalking the Second Tier in the Sciences. , 1993 .

[51]  Katherine L. McNeill,et al.  Learning‐goals‐driven design model: Developing curriculum materials that align with national standards and incorporate project‐based pedagogy , 2008 .

[52]  Y. Strengers.  Interdisciplinarity and industry collaboration in doctoral candidature: tensions within and between discourses , 2014 .

[53]  Jorge J. Wellmann.  The National Survey of Student Engagement , 2010 .

[54]  J. Voss-Andreae,et al.  Integrating Art and Science in Undergraduate Education , 2013, PLoS biology.

[55]  Thomas Hothem.  Integrated General Education and the Extent of Interdisciplinarity: The University of California-Merced's Core 1 Curriculum , 2013, The Journal of General Education.

[56]  Functions and structure of a Medical School. , 1974, Connecticut medicine.

[57]  Hans Joachim Schellnhuber,et al.  Global sustainability: a Nobel cause. , 2010 .

[58]  Morgan M. Millar.  Interdisciplinary research and the early career: The effect of interdisciplinary dissertation research on career placement and publication productivity of doctoral graduates in the sciences , 2013 .

[59]  Julia L. Panko,et al.  Creating socially networked knowledge through interdisciplinary collaboration , 2012 .

[60]  Antoinette S. Peters,et al.  Long‐term Outcomes of the New Pathway Program at Harvard Medical School: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2000, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[61]  J. Michael Spector,et al.  Moving Forward with STEAM Education Research , 2015 .

[62]  Jennifer C. Lena.  Making It Work: The Education and Employment of Recent Arts Graduates. Annual Report 2014. , 2014 .

[63]  Donald F. Kuratko,et al.  The impact of design and innovation on the future of education. , 2015 .

[64]  D. Fraser.  Epidemiology as a liberal art. , 1987, The New England journal of medicine.

[65]  James L. Mohler,et al.  An Instructional Strategy for Pictorial Drawing. , 2007 .

[66]  Allan L. Fisher,et al.  The Anatomy of Interest: Women in Undergraduate Computer Science , 2000 .

[67]  J. Jacobs.  Undisciplining Knowledge: Interdisciplinarity in the Twentieth Century , 2016 .

[68]  D. Riley.  Facepalms and cringes: liberal education misapprehended , 2015 .

[69]  Lynita K. Newswander,et al.  Engagement in two interdisciplinary graduate programs , 2009 .

[70]  Joel Olson.  Talking to Strangers: Anxieties of Citizenship since Brown v. Board of Education. , 2005, Perspectives on Politics.

[71]  Michael J. Green,et al.  Graphic medicine: use of comics in medical education and patient care , 2010, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[72]  S. Sorby.  Educational Research in Developing 3‐D Spatial Skills for Engineering Students , 2009 .

[73]  K. Goodman,et al.  UME-21 and teaching ethics: a step in the right direction. , 2004, Family medicine.

[74]  A. Crombie,et al.  Styles of Scientific Thinking in the European Tradition: The History of Argument and Explanation Especially in the Mathematical and Biomedical Sciences and Arts , 1995 .

[75]  Edward J. Hackett,et al.  The Act of Collaborative Creation and the Art of Integrative Creativity: Originality, Disciplinarity and Interdisciplinarity , 2009 .

[76]  John Maeda,et al.  STEM + Art = STEAM , 2013 .

[77]  A. Einstein.  Out of My Later Years , 1950 .

[78]  Lu Hong,et al.  Groups of diverse problem solvers can outperform groups of high-ability problem solvers. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[79]  Joan B. Hirt.  Where You Work Matters : Student Affairs Administration at Different Types of Institutions , 2006 .

[80]  D. Balmer,et al.  Sounding Narrative Medicine: Studying Students’ Professional Identity Development at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , 2014, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[81]  I. Braverman.  To see or not to see: how visual training can improve observational skills. , 2011, Clinics in dermatology.

[82]  Brian J. Savilonis,et al.  Engaging Students with Great Problems , 2010 .

[83]  Kip V. Hodges,et al.  Students’ Perceptions of Terrascope, A Project-Based Freshman Learning Community , 2007 .

[84]  Thomas C. Hull.  Project Origami: Activities for Exploring Mathematics , 2006 .

[85]  P. Pintrich.  A Manual for the Use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). , 1991 .

[86]  Mary Ann Danowitz,et al.  Becoming an interdisciplinary scientist: an analysis of students’ experiences in three computer science doctoral programmes , 2016 .

[87]  John A. Deno.  The Relationship of Previous Experiences to Spatial Visualization Ability. , 1995 .

[88]  H. Johannessen,et al.  Humanities in Undergraduate Medical Education: A Literature Review , 2010, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[89]  Matthew B. Crawford.  Shop Class as Soulcraft: An Inquiry into the Value of Work , 2009 .

[90]  S. M. Denbo.  Nature's Business: Incorporating Global Studies, Environmental Law and Literacy, and Corporate Social Responsibility into the Business School Curriculum Through Interdisciplinary “Business‐Science” Study Tour Courses , 2008 .

[91]  Stacia J. Dreyer,et al.  Sustainability science graduate students as boundary spanners , 2016, Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences.

[92]  E. Spelke,et al.  Two Randomized Trials Provide No Consistent Evidence for Nonmusical Cognitive Benefits of Brief Preschool Music Enrichment , 2013, PloS one.

[93]  J.J. Krupczak,et al.  Work in progress - case study of a technological literacy and non-majors engineering course , 2005, Proceedings Frontiers in Education 35th Annual Conference.

[94]  Michelle Melton,et al.  STEM: Science Technology Engineering Mathematics. , 2011 .

[95]  Anne L. van de Ven,et al.  Essential components of a successful doctoral program in nanomedicine , 2014, International journal of nanomedicine.

[96]  Ethan Youngerman.  Integrative Learning in Award-Winning Student Writing: A Grounded Theory Analysis , 2018, AERA Open.

[97]  Bernard C. K. Choi,et al.  Multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in health research, services, education and policy: 1. Definitions, objectives, and evidence of effectiveness. , 2006, Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale.

[98]  J. Lobban.  The invisible wound: Veterans' art therapy , 2014 .

[99]  Susan P. Choy,et al.  Access and Persistence: Findings From 10 Years of Longitudinal Research on Students , 2001 .

[100]  Ann S. Ferren.  New Life for the College Curriculum: Assessing Achievements and Furthering Progress in the Reform of General Education , 1993 .

[101]  M. Begg,et al.  Are Biostatistics Students Prepared to Succeed in the Era of Interdisciplinary Science? (And How Will We Know?) , 2011 .

[102]  C. Calhoun,et al.  Integrating the social sciences: theoretical knowledge, methodological tools, and practical applications , 2010 .

[103]  Michelle H. Land,et al.  Full STEAM Ahead: The Benefits of Integrating the Arts Into STEM , 2013, Complex Adaptive Systems.

[104]  Michael P. Levine,et al.  Engineering and War: Militarism, Ethics, Institutions, Alternatives , 2013, Engineering and War: Militarism, Ethics, Institutions, Alternatives.

[105]  Bret Eynon,et al.  From Unbundling to Rebundling: Design Principles for Transforming Institutions in the New Digital Ecosystem , 2017 .

[106]  Ian Hacking,et al.  ‘Style’ for historians and philosophers☆ , 1992 .

[107]  Francisco J. Ayala,et al.  Science, evolution, and creationism , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[108]  Samy Suissa,et al.  The case-crossover study design in pharmacoepidemiology , 2009, Statistical methods in medical research.

[109]  J. Michael Spector.  Education, Training, Competencies, Curricula and Technology , 2015 .

[110]  S. Berrol.  Interdisciplinarity: History, Theory, and Practice , 1992 .

[111]  J. Ostriker,et al.  Taxonomy of Fields and Their Subfields , 2003 .

[112]  J. Rees.  TWO CULTURES , 2007, Science.

[113]  Howard Gardner,et al.  Quality assessment in interdisciplinary research and education , 2006 .

[114]  D. Uttal,et al.  Spatial Thinking and STEM Education. When, Why, and How? , 2012 .

[115]  L. Nieman,et al.  Cardiac auscultatory skills of internal medicine and family practice trainees. A comparison of diagnostic proficiency. , 1997, JAMA.

[116]  Ji Shen,et al.  Disciplinary Foundations for Solving Interdisciplinary Scientific Problems , 2015 .

[117]  Farrokh Mistree,et al.  Designing for open innovation: Change of attitudes, self-concept, and team dynamics in engineering education , 2015 .

[118]  Gillian Hampden-Thompson,et al.  The arts and achievement in at-risk youth: findings from four longitudinal studies , 2012 .

[119]  J. Tagg,et al.  From Teaching to Learning — A New Paradigm For Undergraduate Education , 1995 .

[120]  R. Lang.  Origami Design Secrets: Mathematical Methods for an Ancient Art , 2003 .

[121]  S. Starr,et al.  Priority Areas and Potential Solutions for Successful Integration and Sustainment of Health Systems Science in Undergraduate Medical Education , 2017, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[122]  Alexia E Pollack,et al.  The use of haiku to convey complex concepts in neuroscience. , 2013, Journal of undergraduate neuroscience education : JUNE : a publication of FUN, Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience.

[123]  Edward J. Hackett,et al.  The Snowbird Charrette: Integrative Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Environmental Research Design , 2009 .

[124]  Lynita K. Newswander,et al.  Definitions of Interdisciplinary Research: Toward Graduate-Level Interdisciplinary Learning Outcomes , 2010 .

[125]  D. Hestenes,et al.  Force concept inventory , 1992 .

[126]  S. Jahan.  Human Development Report 2016 - Human Development for Everyone , 2017 .

[127]  R. Watts,et al.  Civil Rights Activists in the Information Age: The Development of Math Literacy Workers. CIRCLE Working Paper 50. , 2006 .

[128]  Shaaron E. Ainsworth,et al.  Drawing to Learn in Science , 2011, Science.

[129]  V.L. Willson,et al.  First year comparative evaluation of the Texas A&M freshman integrated engineering program , 1995, Proceedings Frontiers in Education 1995 25th Annual Conference. Engineering Education for the 21st Century.

[130]  J. Secord.  Knowledge in Transit , 2004, Isis.

[131]  A. Janetos.  A New Biology for the 21st Century , 2009 .

[132]  D Duane Baldwin,et al.  Prior video game exposure does not enhance robotic surgical performance. , 2007, Journal of endourology.

[133]  Karl D. Stephan.  All this and engineering too: a history of accreditation requirements , 2002, IEEE Technol. Soc. Mag..

[134]  S. J. Kline,et al.  Conceptual Foundations for Multidisciplinary Thinking , 2020 .

[135]  Gert Rijlaarsdam,et al.  Learning to be creative. The effects of observational learning on students' design products and processes , 2013 .

[136]  L. Nieman,et al.  Pulmonary auscultatory skills during training in internal medicine and family practice. , 1999, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[137]  Armanda Lewis,et al.  Putting the “H” in STEAM: Paradigms for Modern Liberal Arts Education , 2015 .

[138]  R. Bullough.  Developing Interdisciplinary Researchers: What Ever Happened to the Humanities in Education? , 2006 .

[139]  Arguments for Integrating the Arts: Artistic Engagement in an Undergraduate Foundations of Geometry Course , 2016 .

[140]  J. Conant.  General Education In A Free Society Report Of The Harvard Committee , 2011 .

[141]  L. Terry,et al.  Reflective practice in nursing ethics education: international collaboration. , 2004, Journal of advanced nursing.

[142]  Peter Mayo.  In defense of a liberal education , 2016 .

[143]  T. Harris,et al.  The Spatial Humanities: GIS and the Future of Humanities Scholarship , 2010 .

[144]  L. Rucker,et al.  Can Poetry Make Better Doctors? Teaching the Humanities and Arts to Medical Students and Residents at the University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine , 2003, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[145]  Maura Borrego,et al.  Constructive Alignment of Interdisciplinary Graduate Curriculum in Engineering and Science: An Analysis of Successful IGERT Proposals , 2010 .

[146]  T. Kuhn,et al.  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. , 1964 .

[147]  Magnus Gulbrandsen,et al.  Is innovation a useful concept for arts and humanities research? , 2015 .

[148]  L. DiLalla,et al.  Effect of Gender, Age, and Relevant Course Work on Attitudes Toward Empathy, Patient Spirituality, and Physician Wellness , 2004, Teaching and learning in medicine.

[149]  C. Malchiodi,et al.  Art Therapy for Combat-Related PTSD: Recommendations for Research and Practice , 2006 .

[150]  Dean Nieusma,et al.  Materializing Nano Equity: Lessons from Design , 2010 .

[151]  Sheryl A. Sorby,et al.  The Development and Assessment of a Course for Enhancing the 3‐D Spatial Visualization Skills of First Year Engineering Students , 2000 .

[152]  Hyemin Han,et al.  Improving Epistemological Beliefs and Moral Judgment Through an STS-Based Science Ethics Education Program , 2014, Sci. Eng. Ethics.

[153]  M. James.  College: What It Was, Is and Should Be , 2014 .

[154]  Richard F. Vaz,et al.  Long term impacts of off-campus project work on student learning and development , 2014, 2014 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) Proceedings.

[155]  Roman Graf,et al.  Social justice education : inviting faculty to transform their institutions , 2009 .

[156]  David L. Long,et al.  Motion picture science: A fully integrated fine Arts/STEM degree program , 2014, 2014 IEEE Integrated STEM Education Conference.

[157]  M. Schwartz,et al.  Health Systems Science Curricula in Undergraduate Medical Education: Identifying and Defining a Potential Curricular Framework , 2017, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[158]  Humanities for medical students? A qualitative study of a medical humanities curriculum in a medical school program , 2006, BMC medical education.

[159]  Lisa D. McNair,et al.  Using Concept Maps to Assess Interdisciplinary Integration of Green Engineering Knowledge. , 2009 .

[160]  J. Berning,et al.  Athletes and the Arts — The Role of Sports Medicine in the Performing Arts , 2013, Current sports medicine reports.

[161]  R. Charon,et al.  Narrative medicine as a means of training medical students toward residency competencies. , 2013, Patient education and counseling.

[162]  Karan Watson,et al.  The Freshman Integrated Curriculum at Texas A&M University. , 2000 .

[163]  R. Land.  Threshold Concepts and Troublesome Knowledge (1): linkages to ways of thinking and practising within the disciplines , 2003 .

[164]  M. Deegan.  ‘This ever more amorphous thing called Digital Humanities’: Whither the Humanities Project? , 2014 .

[165]  Nicholas A. Bowman.  Disequilibrium and Resolution: The Nonlinear Effects of Diversity Courses on Well-Being and Orientations toward Diversity , 2010 .

[166]  S. Lipsitz,et al.  Formal Art Observation Training Improves Medical Students’ Visual Diagnostic Skills , 2008, Journal of General Internal Medicine.

[167]  T. Bonner.  American doctors and German universities : a chapter in international intellectual relations, 1870-1914 , 1966 .

[168]  P. Curșeu,et al.  Student groups as learning entities: The effect of group diversity and teamwork quality on groups' cognitive complexity , 2013 .

[169]  V. Shandas,et al.  A Rough Guide to Interdisciplinarity: Graduate Student Perspectives , 2006 .

[170]  M. Begg,et al.  Strengthening the Career Development of Clinical Translational Scientist Trainees: A Consensus Statement of the Clinical Translational Science Award (CTSA) Research Education and Career Development Committees , 2012, Clinical and translational science.

[171]  P. Kivisto.  Chaos of disciplines , 2002 .

[172]  J. Fisher.  Gender and the Science of Difference: Cultural Politics of Contemporary Science and Medicine , 2011 .

[173]  Jill Beck,et al.  Training the clinical eye and mind: using the arts to develop medical students' observational and pattern recognition skills , 2006, Medical education.

[174]  Lewis Vaughn.  Bioethics: Principles, Issues, and Cases , 2009 .

[175]  Sheryl A. Sorby,et al.  A Course for the Development of 3-D Spatial Visualization Skills. , 1996 .

[176]  David F. Ollis,et al.  Technological Literacy And Engineering For Non Engineers: Lessons From Successful Courses. , 2006 .

[177]  Kelly Wang.  Study on the careers of MIT Mechanical Engineering undergraduate alumni , 2015 .

[178]  A. C. Jaschke,et al.  Music education and its effect on intellectual abilities in children: a systematic review , 2013, Reviews in the neurosciences.

[179]  Carol S. Jeffers.  Within Connections: Empathy, Mirror Neurons, and Art Education , 2009 .

[180]  L. Katehi,et al.  Engineering in K-12 Education: Understanding the Status and Improving the Prospects. , 2009 .

[181]  J. Tambling.  How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature and Informatics by N. Katherine Hayles (review) , 2001, Modern Language Review.

[182]  Marija Dalbello,et al.  A genealogy of digital humanities , 2011, J. Documentation.

[183]  Julie Thompson Klein,et al.  Creating Interdisciplinary Campus Cultures: A Model for Strength and Sustainability , 2009 .

[184]  Division on Earth.  Integrating Discovery-Based Research into the Undergraduate Curriculum: Report of a Convocation , 2016 .

[185]  Guoping Jiang,et al.  The Uses of the University , 2003 .

[186]  Thomas D. Snyder,et al.  Digest of Education Statistics, 2011. NCES 2012-001. , 2012 .

[187]  Kent R Van Sickle,et al.  Music Experience Influences Laparoscopic Skills Performance , 2008, JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons.

[188]  Wayne T. McCormack,et al.  Approaches to Preparing Young Scholars for Careers in Interdisciplinary Team Science , 2014, Journal of Investigative Medicine.

[189]  C. Klugman,et al.  One thousand words: evaluating an interdisciplinary art education program. , 2015, The Journal of nursing education.

[190]  L. Thigpen,et al.  A model for teaching multidisciplinary capstone design in mechanical engineering , 2004, 34th Annual Frontiers in Education, 2004. FIE 2004..

[191]  B. Olds,et al.  The Effect of a First‐Year Integrated Engineering Curriculum on Graduation Rates and Student Satisfaction: A Longitudinal Study , 2004 .

[192]  Louis J. Everett,et al.  Integrated Curricula: Purpose and Design , 2000 .

[193]  David A. Sousa,et al.  From STEM to STEAM: Using Brain-Compatible Strategies to Integrate the Arts , 2013 .

[194]  Ou Lydia Liu,et al.  Reconceptualizing a College Science Learning Experience in the New Digital Era: A Review of Literature , 2015 .

[195]  D. Hestenes,et al.  A mechanics baseline test , 1992 .

[196]  A. Einstein.  The Einstein Reader , 2006 .

[197]  Matthew J. Mayhew,et al.  How College Affects Students: 21st Century Evidence that Higher Education Works , 2016 .

[198]  J. Posselt,et al.  Equity Efforts as Boundary Work: How Symbolic and Social Boundaries Shape Access and Inclusion in Graduate Education , 2017, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education.

[199]  Trends in Interdisciplinary and Integrative Graduate Training: An NSF IGERT Example , 2003 .

[200]  I. Braverman,et al.  Use of fine art to enhance visual diagnostic skills. , 2001, JAMA.

[201]  Casey Jones,et al.  Interdisciplinary Approach - Advantages, Disadvantages, and the Future Benefits of Interdisciplinary Studies , 2010 .

[202]  Karen Kurotsuchi Inkelas,et al.  Measuring Outcomes of Living-Learning Programs: Examining College Environments and Student Learning and Development , 2006, The Journal of General Education.

[203]  A. Kleinman,et al.  The necessity of social medicine in medical education. , 2015, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[204]  J. Tsao,et al.  The Impact of Group Drumming on Social-Emotional Behavior in Low-Income Children , 2011, Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM.

[205]  M. Griffin,et al.  A cluster design controlled trial of arts‐based observational skills training in primary care , 2007, Medical education.

[206]  R. Vallerand,et al.  On the Assessment of Situational Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) , 2000 .

[207]  A. Greiner,et al.  Health Professions Education: A Bridge to Quality , 2003 .

[208]  B. Castrucci,et al.  On Academics: Characterizing the Growth of the Undergraduate Public Health Major: U.S., 1992–2012 , 2015, Public health reports.

[209]  H. Schweingruber,et al.  STEM Integration in K-12 Education: Status, Prospects, and an Agenda for Research , 2014 .