Colony formation in the cyanobacterium Microcystis

Morphological evolution from a unicellular to multicellular state provides greater opportunities for organisms to attain larger and more complex living forms. As the most common freshwater cyanobacterial genus, Microcystis is a unicellular microorganism, with high phenotypic plasticity, which forms colonies and blooms in lakes and reservoirs worldwide. We conducted a systematic review of field studies from the 1990s to 2017 where Microcystis was dominant. Microcystis was detected as the dominant genus in waterbodies from temperate to subtropical and tropical zones. Unicellular Microcystis spp. can be induced to form colonies by adjusting biotic and abiotic factors in laboratory. Colony formation by cell division has been induced by zooplankton filtrate, high Pb2+ concentration, the presence of another cyanobacterium (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii), heterotrophic bacteria, and by low temperature and light intensity. Colony formation by cell adhesion can be induced by zooplankton grazing, high Ca2+ concentration, and microcystins.

[1]  Therese L. East,et al.  Nutrient ratios and phytoplankton community structure in the large, shallow, eutrophic, subtropical Lakes Okeechobee (Florida, USA) and Taihu (China) , 2009, Limnology.

[2]  J. V. van Wyk,et al.  An overview of cyanobacterial bloom occurrences and research in Africa over the last decade. , 2016, Harmful algae.

[3]  E. Kayitesi,et al.  Bioaccumulation and Quantitative Variations of Microcystins in the Swartspruit River, South Africa , 2016, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.

[4]  E. Dittmann,et al.  Distribution of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producing Microcystis sp. in European freshwater bodies: detection of microcystins and microcystin genes in individual colonies. , 2004, Systematic and applied microbiology.

[5]  E. Dittmann,et al.  Variation between strains of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa isolated from a Portuguese river , 2005, Journal of applied microbiology.

[6]  Yuwen Wang,et al.  Differences in growth, pigment composition and photosynthetic rates of two phenotypes Microcystis aeruginosa strains under high and low iron conditions , 2014 .

[7]  B. Neilan,et al.  TWO MORPHOLOGICAL FORMS OF CYLINDROSPERMOPSIS RACIBORSKII (CYANOBACTERIA) ISOLATED FROM SOLOMON DAM, PALM ISLAND, QUEENSLAND , 1999 .

[8]  P. Nkrumah,et al.  Different tolerances to chemical contaminants between unicellular and colonial morph of Microcystis aeruginosa: excluding the differences among different strains. , 2015, Journal of hazardous materials.

[9]  Yoshimasa Yamamoto,et al.  Variation in the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa depending on colony size and position in colonies , 2010 .

[10]  T. Omori,et al.  Genes involved in the synthesis of the exopolysaccharide methanolan by the obligate methylotroph Methylobacillus sp strain 12S. , 2003, Microbiology.

[11]  L. Rai,et al.  Characterization of various functional groups present in the capsule of Microcystis and study of their role in biosorption of Fe, Ni and Cr. , 2007, Bioresource technology.

[12]  S. Gkelis,et al.  Anthropogenic and climate-induced change favors toxic cyanobacteria blooms: Evidence from monitoring a highly eutrophic, urban Mediterranean lake , 2014 .

[13]  Claudia Wiegand,et al.  Cyanobacterial toxins in Lake Baringo, Kenya , 2003 .

[14]  J. Huisman,et al.  Summer heatwaves promote blooms of harmful cyanobacteria , 2008 .

[15]  H. Sarmento,et al.  Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa) , 2006 .

[16]  Z. Deng,et al.  Fragment growth performance of the invasive submerged macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum under conditions of different water depths and sediment types , 2016, Aquatic Ecology.

[17]  Zorica Svirčev,et al.  Cyanobacteria in aquatic ecosystems in Serbia: effects on water quality, human health and biodiversity , 2014 .

[18]  S. Levy.  Microcystis Rising: Why Phosphorus Reduction Isn’t Enough to Stop CyanoHABs , 2017, Environmental health perspectives.

[19]  Yoshimasa Yamamoto,et al.  Importance of large colony formation in bloom-forming cyanobacteria to dominate in eutrophic ponds , 2011 .

[20]  J. Benndorf,et al.  A Field Study to Investigate Environmental Factors that Could Effect Microcystin Synthesis of a Microcystis Population in the Bautzen Reservoir , 1996 .

[21]  J. Pernthaler,et al.  Blooms of Single Bacterial Species in a Coastal Lagoon of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean , 2006, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[22]  M. Machida,et al.  Effect of phosphorus fluctuation caused by river water dilution in eutrophic lake on competition between blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa and diatom Cyclotella sp. , 2010, Journal of environmental sciences.

[23]  Xiao Tan,et al.  Morphological changes of Microcystis aeruginosa colonies in culture , 2015 .

[24]  P. Henriksen,et al.  Seasonal variations in microcystin contents of Danish cyanobacteria. , 1998, Natural toxins.

[25]  S. Suda,et al.  Morphological variability of colonies of Microcystis morphospecies in culture. , 2000, The Journal of general and applied microbiology.

[26]  L. R. Mur,et al.  Light as a selective factor in the distribution of phytoplankton species. , 1994 .

[27]  P. Xie,et al.  Experimental evidence for the role of heterotrophic bacteria in the formation of Microcystis colonies , 2016, Journal of Applied Phycology.

[28]  F. Roland,et al.  Growth inhibition and colony formation in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa induced by the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii , 2012 .

[29]  Lin Lu,et al.  Changes in extracellular polysaccharide content and morphology of Microcystis aeruginosa at different specific growth rates , 2012, Journal of Applied Phycology.

[30]  Lirong Song,et al.  The role of microcystins in maintaining colonies of bloom-forming Microcystis spp. , 2012, Environmental microbiology.

[31]  J. Brookes,et al.  The influence of experimentally generated turbulence on the Mash01 unicellular Microcystis aeruginosa strain , 2004, Hydrobiologia.

[32]  Makoto Suzuki,et al.  Seasonal variations of Microcystis species and toxic heptapeptide microcystins in Lake Suwa , 1993 .

[33]  T. Dreher,et al.  An overview of diversity, occurrence, genetics and toxin production of bloom-forming Dolichospermum (Anabaena) species. , 2016, Harmful algae.

[34]  T. Duong,et al.  The occurrence of cyanobacteria and microcystins in the Hoan Kiem Lake and the Nui Coc reservoir (North Vietnam) , 2014, Environmental Earth Sciences.

[35]  N. Dragoș,et al.  Molecular characterization of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria from Romanian fresh waters , 2013 .

[36]  Hongjuan Wu,et al.  Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on phytoplankton composition and biomass in 15 subtropical, urban shallow lakes in Wuhan, China , 2011 .

[37]  A. Al-Shehri.  Toxin-producing blooms of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in rainwater ponds in Saudi Arabia , 2010 .

[38]  L. Luo,et al.  Differences in microcystin production and genotype composition among Microcystis colonies of different sizes in Lake Taihu. , 2013, Water research.

[39]  H. Paerl,et al.  Phylogenetic Inference of Colony Isolates Comprising Seasonal Microcystis Blooms in Lake Taihu, China , 2011, Microbial Ecology.

[40]  Jim. Green.  Geographical variation in rotifers associated with Microcystis blooms , 2011, Hydrobiologia.

[41]  Hiroyuki Nakahara,et al.  Seasonal succession of phytoplankton in Lake Yogo over 2 years: effect of artificial manipulation , 2006, Limnology.

[42]  F. Recknagel,et al.  Artificial neural network approach for modelling and prediction of algal blooms , 1997 .

[43]  D. Weller.  Detection, identification and toxigenicity of cyanobacteria in New Zealand lakes using PCR-based methods , 2011 .

[44]  Ho-Dong Park,et al.  Hepatotoxic microcystins and neurotoxic anatoxin‐a in cyanobacterial blooms from Korean lakes , 1998 .

[45]  G. Nikolaidis,et al.  Planktic cyanophytes and their ecology in the shallow Lake Mikri Prespa, Greece , 1997 .

[46]  O. Parra,et al.  Occurrence of toxic blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa in a central Chilean (36° Lat. S) urban lake , 2016, Revista Chilena de Historia Natural.

[47]  L. Odokuma,et al.  Distribution of cyanotoxins in aquatic environments in the Niger Delta , 2007 .

[48]  C. Reynolds.  Variability in the provision and function of mucilage in phytoplankton: facultative responses to the environment , 2007, Hydrobiologia.

[49]  Jason G. Bragg,et al.  Allometry and stoichiometry of unicellular, colonial and multicellular phytoplankton. , 2009, The New phytologist.

[50]  F. Imazeki,et al.  Colony formation of highly dispersed Microcystis aeruginosa by controlling extracellular polysaccharides and calcium ion concentrations in aquatic solution , 2016, Limnology.

[51]  Alan E. Wilson,et al.  Intraspecific Variation in Growth and Morphology of the Bloom-Forming Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa , 2006, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[52]  J. Yunes,et al.  First report of a microcystin‐containing bloom of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in the La Plata River, South America , 2001, Environmental toxicology.

[53]  H. Paerl,et al.  A review of the global ecology, genomics, and biogeography of the toxic cyanobacterium, Microcystis spp. , 2016, Harmful algae.

[54]  S. Bourget,et al.  Extreme variability of cyanobacterial blooms in an urban drinking water supply , 2013 .

[55]  David P. Hamilton,et al.  Trophic state and geographic gradients influence planktonic cyanobacterial diversity and distribution in New Zealand lakes , 2017, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[56]  Xiangyu Ren,et al.  Spatial and temporal assessment of the initial pattern of phytoplankton population in a newly built coastal reservoir , 2016, Frontiers of Earth Science.

[57]  J. John,et al.  Cyanobacterial Blooms in the Wetlands of the Perth region, Taxonomy and Distribution: an overview , 2006 .

[58]  Rajeshwar P. Sinha,et al.  The cyanotoxin-microcystins: current overview , 2014, Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology.

[59]  P. Marvan,et al.  A review of the alien and expansive species of freshwater cyanobacteria and algae in the Czech Republic , 2010, Biological Invasions.

[60]  M. Nicolson,et al.  A review of the incidence of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in surface waters in Scotland including potential effects of climate change, with a list of the common species and new records from the Scottish Environment Protection Agency , 2012 .

[61]  S. Chellappa,et al.  Harmful phytoplankton blooms and fish mortality in a eutrophicated reservoir of northeast Brazil , 2008 .

[62]  M. Heidari,et al.  Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa Bloom in Aras Dam Reservoir , 2012 .

[63]  Z. Ladan,et al.  A survey for the presence of microcystins in aquaculture ponds in Zaria, Northern-Nigeria: Possible public health implication , 2009 .

[64]  G. Ross,et al.  Biological control of Microcystis dominated harmful algal blooms , 2008 .

[65]  S. Hagstrom,et al.  Chemical Characterization of Polysaccharide from the Slime Layer of the Cyanobacterium Microcystis flos-aquae C3-40 , 1991, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[66]  C. Forni,et al.  Comparative analysis of the polysaccharides produced by different species of Microcystis (Chroococcales, Cyanophyta) , 1997 .

[67]  W. Vyverman,et al.  Genotype × genotype interactions between the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis and its grazer, the waterflea Daphnia , 2011, Evolutionary applications.

[68]  Jamie Bartram,et al.  Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: a Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management Chapter 2. Cyanobacteria in the Environment 2.1 Nature and Diversity 2.1.1 Systematics , 2022 .

[69]  W. Harding.  Zeekoevlei, water chemistry and phytoplankton periodicity , 1992 .

[70]  Studies on Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong: composition and distribution of the phytoplankton and its relationship to environmental factors , 1974 .

[71]  E. Valério,et al.  Seasonal variation of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria composition and associated microcystins in six Portuguese freshwater reservoirs , 2008 .

[72]  Eric O. Odada,et al.  Environmental assessment of the East African Rift Valley lakes , 2003, Aquatic Sciences.

[73]  A. Walsby,et al.  Gas vesicles , 1994, Microbiological reviews.

[74]  B. Han,et al.  Occurrence and dominance of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and dissolved cylindrospermopsin in urban reservoirs used for drinking water supply, South China , 2014, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.

[75]  L. Neves,et al.  Quantification of microcystin-producing microcystis in freshwater bodies in the Southern Mozambique using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction , 2013 .

[76]  K. Becker,et al.  Microcystins in natural blooms and laboratory cultured Microcystis aeruginosa from Laguna de Bay, Philippines. , 2002, Systematic and applied microbiology.

[77]  S. Nakai.  Myriophyllum spicatum-released allelopathic polyphenols inhibiting growth of blue-green algae Microcystis aeruginosa , 2000 .

[78]  S. Suda,et al.  16S rDNA sequences and phylogenetic analyses of Microcystis strains with and without phycoerythrin , 1998 .

[79]  A. Lugliè,et al.  Cyanobacterial toxins in Italian freshwaters , 2009 .

[80]  M. Burford,et al.  Variations in carbon-to-phosphorus ratios of two Australian strains of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii , 2017 .

[81]  T. Jurczak,et al.  Risk Assessment Of Toxic CyanobacteriaIn Polish Water Bodies , 2006 .

[82]  A. Walsby,et al.  Sinking velocities of phytoplankton measured on a stable density gradient by laser scanning , 2006, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[83]  R. Gołdyn,et al.  Water blooms and cyanobacterial toxins in lakes. , 2013 .

[84]  L. Mhlanga,et al.  Dynamics of a cyanobacterial bloom in a hypereutrophic reservoir, Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe , 2013 .

[85]  Bas W Ibelings,et al.  Acclimation of photosystem II in a cyanobacterium and a eukaryotic green alga to high and fluctuating photosynthetic photon flux densities, simulating light regimes induced by mixing in lakes. , 1994, The New phytologist.

[86]  Hans W. Paerl,et al.  Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms: Causes, Consequences, and Controls , 2013, Microbial Ecology.

[87]  Wei Zhu,et al.  Effects of Ca and Mg levels on colony formation and EPS content of cultured M. aeruginosa , 2011 .

[88]  Anthony E. Walsby,et al.  Cyanobacterial dominance: the role of buoyancy regulation in dynamic lake environments , 1987 .

[89]  Soon-Jin Hwang,et al.  Effects of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on the filtration rate and mortality of the freshwater bivalve Corbicula leana. , 2010, Journal of environmental biology.

[90]  M. Burford,et al.  Review: a meta-analysis comparing cell-division and cell-adhesion in Microcystis colony formation. , 2017, Harmful algae.

[91]  Nieuwe Meer.  Artificial mixing prevents nuisance blooms of the cyanobacterium Microcystis in Lake , 1996 .

[92]  R. Foy,et al.  Initial studies on the occurrence of cyanobacteria and microcystins in Irish lakes , 2011, Environmental toxicology.

[93]  C. Burns.  THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY SIZE OF FILTER‐FEEDING CLADOCERA AND THE MAXIMUM SIZE OF PARTICLE INGESTED , 1968 .

[94]  M. Zhang,et al.  Biochemical, morphological, and genetic variations in Microcystis aeruginosa due to colony disaggregation , 2007 .

[95]  B. Paczuska,et al.  Long-term changes in the dynamics and structure of cyanobacteria in Koronowo Reservoir , 2015 .

[96]  Paul B. Hamilton,et al.  The occurrence of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Constance Lake: an exotic cyanoprokaryote new to Canada , 2005 .

[97]  Renhui Li,et al.  CpcBA-IGS as an effective marker to characterize Microcystis wesenbergii (Komarek) Komarek in Kondrateva (cyanobacteria) , 2010 .

[98]  P. Nkrumah,et al.  Biochemical composition of Microcystis aeruginosa related to specific growth rate: insight into the effects of abiotic factors , 2014 .

[99]  N. Lagos.  Microalgal blooms: a global issue with negative impact in Chile. , 1998, Biological research.

[100]  Sven Becker.  Biotic factors in induced defence revisited: cell aggregate formation in the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 is triggered by spent Daphnia medium and disrupted cells , 2010, Hydrobiologia.

[101]  M. Zhang,et al.  [Spatiotemporal dynamics and related affecting factors of summer algal blooms in Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir]. , 2009, Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology.

[102]  S. Carmeli,et al.  Metabolites of Microcystis aeruginosa bloom material from Lake Kinneret, Israel. , 2012, Journal of natural products.

[103]  V. Estrada,et al.  Factors Triggering Cyanobacteria Dominance and Succession During Blooms in a Hypereutrophic Drinking Water Supply Reservoir , 2015, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution.

[104]  Fanxiang Kong,et al.  Formation of large colonies: a defense mechanism of Microcystis aeruginosa under continuous grazing pressure by flagellate Ochromonas sp. , 2012 .

[105]  Zhenbin Wu,et al.  The management of undesirable cyanobacteria blooms in channel catfish ponds using a constructed wetland: Contribution to the control of off-flavor occurrences. , 2011, Water research.

[106]  Franz J. Weissing,et al.  Competition for light between phytoplankton species : Experimental tests of mechanistic theory , 1999 .

[107]  C. Reynolds,et al.  Patterns of abundance and dominance of the phytoplankton of Rostherne Mere, England: Evidence from an 18-year data set , 1992, Aquatic Sciences.

[108]  T. Jurczak,et al.  First report of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin in the shallow, eutrophic lakes of western Poland. , 2009, Chemosphere.

[109]  C. Gobler,et al.  The rise of harmful cyanobacteria blooms: The potential roles of eutrophication and climate change , 2012 .

[110]  A. Walsby,et al.  The gas vesicles, buoyancy and vertical distribution of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea , 1995 .

[111]  Fanxiang Kong,et al.  Morphological Response of Microcystis aeruginosa to Grazing by Different Sorts of Zooplankton , 2006, Hydrobiologia.

[112]  A. Mohan,et al.  Characterisation of tropical reservoirs in Tamil Nadu, India in terms of plankton assemblage using multivariate analysis , 2015 .

[113]  J. Choi,et al.  Study of harmful algal blooms in a eutrophic pond, Bangladesh , 2010, Environmental monitoring and assessment.

[114]  G. Vasas,et al.  Variability of Microcystins and Its Synthetase Gene Cluster in Microcystis and Planktothrix Waterblooms in Shallow Lakes of Hungary , 2014, Acta biologica Hungarica.

[115]  B. Pawlik-Skowrońska,et al.  Blooms of toxin-producing Cyanobacteria — a real threat in small dam reservoirs at the beginning of their operation , 2011 .

[116]  Qianqian Sun,et al.  Solubilisation of mucilage induces changes in Microcystis colonial morphology , 2014 .

[117]  Hongyan Zhang,et al.  Spatial distributions of external and internal phosphorus loads in Lake Erie and their impacts on phytoplankton and water quality , 2016 .

[118]  J. Humbert,et al.  Genetic Diversity in Microcystis Populations of a French Storage Reservoir Assessed by Sequencing of the 16S-23S rRNA Intergenic Spacer , 2005, Microbial Ecology.

[119]  A. Sant'Ana,et al.  Hepatosplenomegaly caused by an extract of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa bloom collected in the Manguaba Lagoon, Alagoas - Brazil , 1999 .

[120]  K. Gademann,et al.  Occurrence of microcystin‐producing cyanobacteria in Ugandan freshwater habitats , 2009, Environmental toxicology.

[121]  C. Reynolds,et al.  WATER‐BLOOMS , 1975 .

[122]  Li Gao,et al.  High nutrient concentration and temperature alleviated formation of large colonies of Microcystis: Evidence from field investigations and laboratory experiments. , 2016, Water research.

[123]  S. Gupta,et al.  Isolation, culture, and toxicity of the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa from a freshwater source in India , 1994, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[124]  M. Lürling,et al.  Controlling toxic cyanobacteria: effects of dredging and phosphorus-binding clay on cyanobacteria and microcystins. , 2012, Water research.

[125]  S. Teh,et al.  Impacts of the 2014 severe drought on the Microcystis bloom in San Francisco Estuary. , 2017, Harmful algae.

[126]  Survey of microcystins in water between 1995 and 1996 in Paraná, Brazil using ELISA. , 1999, Natural toxins.

[127]  Wai Kin Ung,et al.  Application of PCR and real-time PCR for monitoring cyanobacteria, Microcystis spp. and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Macau freshwater reservoir , 2014, Frontiers of Earth Science.

[128]  A. Chapman,et al.  RECENT APPEARANCE OF CYLINDROSPEMOPSIS (CYANOBACTEIUA) IN FIVE HYPEREUTROPHIC FLORIDA LAKES 1 , 1997 .

[129]  Man Xiao,et al.  To increase size or decrease density? Different Microcystis species has different choice to form blooms , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[130]  D. Karamata,et al.  The tagGH operon of Bacillus subtilis 168 encodes a two‐component ABC transporter involved in the metabolism of two wall teichoic acids , 1995, Molecular microbiology.

[131]  A. Swanepoel,et al.  Changes in algal composition and environmental variables in the high-altitude Mohale Dam — an important water supply reservoir to South Africa , 2007 .

[132]  L. Fabbro,et al.  Freshwater planktic Chroococcales (Cyanoprokaryota) from North-Eastern Australia: a morphological evaluation , 2007 .

[133]  Ann Sinden,et al.  Preliminary Assessment of Cyanobacteria Diversity and Toxic Potential in Ten Freshwater Lakes in Selangor, Malaysia , 2015, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.

[134]  J. Mol.  The Freshwater Fishes of Suriname , 2012 .

[135]  J. Meriluoto,et al.  Cyanotoxin production in seven Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes , 2011 .

[136]  Man Xiao,et al.  Using interval maxima regression (IMR) to determine environmental optima controlling Microcystis spp. growth in Lake Taihu , 2015, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[137]  P. Thompson,et al.  Ecophysiological influence of light and mixing on Anabaena circinalis (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) , 2005 .

[138]  E. Nevo,et al.  Algal species diversity of arid region lakes in Kazakhstan and Israel , 2009 .

[139]  Bong-Soo Kim,et al.  Temporal shifts in cyanobacterial communities at different sites on the Nakdong River in Korea. , 2013, Water research.

[140]  V. Vasconcelos,et al.  Detection and quantification of microcystins from cyanobacteria strains isolated from reservoirs and ponds in Morocco , 2002, Environmental toxicology.

[141]  J. Krokowski,et al.  A decade of monitoring and management of freshwater algae, in particular cyanobacteria in England and Wales , 2010 .

[142]  R. Laudares-Silva,et al.  Planktonic production and respiration in a subtropical lake dominated by Cyanobacteria. , 2015, Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia.

[143]  A. Ballot,et al.  A review of the phylogeny, ecology and toxin production of bloom-forming Aphanizomenon spp. and related species within the Nostocales (cyanobacteria). , 2016, Harmful algae.

[144]  E. Pinto,et al.  Microcystins in South American aquatic ecosystems: Occurrence, toxicity and toxicological assays. , 2010, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[145]  S. Condie,et al.  Modelling the distribution of Anabaena and Melosira in a stratified river weir pool , 1997, Hydrobiologia.

[146]  Xiao Tan,et al.  Vertical distribution of Microcystis colony size in Lake Taihu: Its role in algal blooms , 2014 .

[147]  Xiaodong Wu,et al.  Photoinhibition of colonial and unicellular Microcystis cells in a summer bloom in Lake Taihu , 2011, Limnology.

[148]  A. Khalil,et al.  Microcystin-induced 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in DNA and its reduction by melatonin, vitamin C, and vitamin E in mice , 2006, Biochemistry (Moscow).

[149]  Judit Padisák,et al.  Phytoplankton associations in a small hypertrophic fishpond in East Hungary during a change from bottom-up to top-down control , 2000, Hydrobiologia.

[150]  Fanxiang Kong,et al.  Abiotic factors in colony formation: effects of nutrition and light on extracellular polysaccharide production and cell aggregates of Microcystis aeruginosa , 2013, Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology.

[151]  Matthew R. Hipsey,et al.  The influence of physical and physiological processes on the spatial heterogeneity of a Microcystis bloom in a stratified reservoir , 2014 .

[152]  M. Steffen,et al.  Taxonomic assessment of a toxic cyanobacteria shift in hypereutrophic Grand Lake St. Marys (Ohio, USA). , 2014 .

[153]  Z. Mohamed.  First report of toxic Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Raphidiopsis mediterranea (Cyanoprokaryota) in Egyptian fresh waters. , 2007, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[154]  A. Steinman,et al.  An analysis of long-term phytoplankton dynamics in Muskegon Lake, a Great Lakes Area of Concern , 2011 .

[155]  P. Xie,et al.  Morphological and physiological changes in Microcystis aeruginosa as a result of interactions with heterotrophic bacteria , 2011 .

[156]  B. Sedmak,et al.  Microcystins Induce Morphological and Physiological Changes in Selected Representative Phytoplanktons , 2004, Microbial Ecology.

[157]  B. Ibelings,et al.  The ecophysiology of the harmful cyanobacterium Microcystis , 2005 .

[158]  B. Schram,et al.  Effect of Metal Cations on the Viscosity of a Pectin-Like Capsular Polysaccharide from the Cyanobacterium Microcystis flos-aquae C3-40 , 1996, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[159]  G. Eaglesham,et al.  Cylindrospermopsin occurrence in two German lakes and preliminary assessment of toxicity and toxin production of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) isolates. , 2003, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[160]  K. O’brien.  The effects of turbulent mixing on the vertical distribution and biomass of phytoplankton populations , 2002 .

[161]  Zheng-Ke Li,et al.  Capsular polysaccharides facilitate enhanced iron acquisition by the colonial cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. isolated from a freshwater lake , 2016, Journal of phycology.

[162]  M. Moustaka-Gouni,et al.  Phytoplankton and water quality in a Mediterranean drinking-water reservoir (Marathonas Reservoir, Greece) , 2011, Environmental monitoring and assessment.

[163]  Qun Huang,et al.  Response of microcystis to copper stress: do phenotypes of microcystis make a difference in stress tolerance? , 2007, Environmental pollution.

[164]  M. Saker,et al.  Occurrence of blooms of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya and Subba Raju in a north Queensland domestic water supply , 2001 .

[165]  F. Hindák,et al.  Review of toxicity of cyanobacteria in Slovakia. , 2000 .

[166]  W. Solarz,et al.  Alien cyanobacteria: an unsolved part of the “expansion and evolution” jigsaw puzzle? , 2015, Hydrobiologia.

[167]  O. Belykh,et al.  Identification of toxigenic Cyanobacteria of the genus Microcystis in the Curonian Lagoon (Baltic Sea) , 2013, Oceanology.

[168]  Lirong Song,et al.  Comparative studies on physiological responses to phosphorus in two phenotypes of bloom-forming Microcystis , 2007, Hydrobiologia.

[169]  P. Nkrumah,et al.  Size-dependent growth of Microcystis colonies in a shallow, hypertrophic lake: use of the RNA-to-total organic carbon ratio , 2014, Aquatic Ecology.

[170]  J. Huisman,et al.  Aggregation with clay causes sedimentation of the buoyant cyanobacteria Microcystis spp. , 2006 .

[171]  C. Alonso,et al.  Spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton as indicator of eutrophication status in the Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba , 2014 .

[172]  David P. Hamilton,et al.  Intra-colony motility of Microcystis wesenbergii cells , 2014 .

[173]  J. Komárek,et al.  Review of the European Microcystis morphospecies (Cyanoprokaryotes) from nature. , 2002 .

[174]  K. Slim,et al.  Occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms for the first time in Lake Karaoun, Lebanon , 2013 .

[175]  M. Lürling.  Effects of microcystin‐free and microcystin‐containing strains of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on growth of the grazer Daphnia magna , 2003, Environmental toxicology.

[176]  M. Corradini,et al.  Occurrence of Toxic Cyanobacterial Blooms in Rio de la Plata Estuary, Argentina: Field Study and Data Analysis , 2012, Journal of toxicology.

[177]  C. Bernard,et al.  Environmental context of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) blooms in a shallow pond in France. , 2002, Water research.

[178]  L. O. Crossetti,et al.  Adaptations in phytoplankton life strategies to imposed change in a shallow urban tropical eutrophic reservoir, Garças Reservoir, over 8 years , 2008, Hydrobiologia.

[179]  A. Ferrão-Filho,et al.  Effects of phytoplankton extracts containing the toxin microcystin-LR on the survival and reproduction of cladocerans. , 2015, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[180]  M. Zhang,et al.  Effect of filtered cultures of flagellate Ochromonas sp. on colony formation in Microcystis aeruginosa. , 2009 .

[181]  Jyoti Arora,et al.  Seasonal dynamics of zooplankton in a shallow eutrophic, man-made hyposaline lake in Delhi (India): role of environmental factors , 2009, Hydrobiologia.

[182]  Zhou Yang,et al.  Variation in Colony Size of Microcystis aeruginosa in a Eutrophic Lake during Recruitment and Bloom Formation , 2010 .

[183]  J. Humbert,et al.  High-frequency monitoring of the genetic diversity and the potential toxicity of a Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in a French shallow lake. , 2012, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[184]  Zulfiqar Laghari,et al.  Studies of Fresh Water Toxic Phytoplanktonic (Microcystis) of Keenkjhar Lake, Thatta, Sindh, and Pakstan , 2015 .

[185]  Diogo Falcão,et al.  Occurrence of Cylindrospermopsis (Cyanobacteria) in 39 Brazilian tropical reservoirs during the 1998 drought , 2000 .

[186]  J. Nimptsch,et al.  Toxic cyanobacteria from Tri An Reservoir, Vietnam. , 2010 .

[187]  A. S. Jewel,et al.  Cyanobacterial blooms and water quality in two urban fish ponds , 2009 .

[188]  A. Rejeb,et al.  Seasonal occurrence and toxicity of Microcystis spp. and Oscillatoria tenuis in the Lebna Dam, Tunisia. , 2008, Water research.

[189]  L. Lawton,et al.  Occurrence of toxigenic cyanobacterial blooms in freshwaters of Sri Lanka. , 2006, Systematic and applied microbiology.

[190]  Xiao Tan,et al.  Polysaccharide biosynthesis-related genes explain phenotype-genotype correlation of Microcystis colonies in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu, China , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[191]  Li-juan Jiang,et al.  DO, pH, and Eh microprofiles in cyanobacterial granules from Lake Taihu under different environmental conditions , 2014, Journal of Applied Phycology.

[192]  F. Denoyelles,et al.  Selective particle ingestion by a filter-feeding fish and its impact on phytoplankton community structure† , 1984 .

[193]  Ángel Barón-Sola,et al.  Assessment of microcystins in lake water and fish (Mugilidae, Liza sp.) in the largest Spanish coastal lake , 2011, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.

[194]  S. Adlerstein,et al.  Phytoplankton Community Composition of Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, During the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) Invasion: A Multivariate Analysis , 2010 .

[195]  Yoshimasa Yamamoto,et al.  Seasonal variations in the morphology of bloom-forming cyanobacteria in a eutrophic pond , 2009, Limnology.

[196]  A. Quesada,et al.  Cyanobacterial abundance and microcystin occurrence in Mediterranean water reservoirs in Central Spain: microcystins in the Madrid area , 2006 .

[197]  Min Wu,et al.  Effects of Calcium Levels on Colonial Aggregation and Buoyancy of Microcystis aeruginosa , 2011, Current Microbiology.

[198]  David P. Hamilton,et al.  Disaggregation of Microcystis aeruginosa colonies under turbulent mixing: laboratory experiments in a grid-stirred tank , 2004, Hydrobiologia.

[199]  M Rajagopalan,et al.  Trichodesmium erythraeum (Ehrenberg) bloom along the southwest coast of India (Arabian Sea) and its impact on trace metal concentrations in seawater , 2007 .

[200]  C. Kruk,et al.  Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) extends its distribution to Latitude 34°53'S: taxonomical and ecological features in Uruguayan eutrophic lakes , 2008 .

[201]  Jef Huisman,et al.  Artificial mixing to control cyanobacterial blooms: a review , 2015, Aquatic Ecology.

[202]  B. Ibelings,et al.  Artificial mixing prevents nuisance blooms of the cyanobacterium Microcystis in Lake Nieuwe Meer, the Netherlands , 1996 .

[203]  W. Carmichael,et al.  Isolation and identification of the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin and deoxy-cylindrospermopsin from a Thailand strain of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria). , 2001, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[204]  A. Al-Shehri,et al.  Assessment of cylindrospermopsin toxin in an arid Saudi lake containing dense cyanobacterial bloom , 2013, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.

[205]  S. Wilde,et al.  HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS AND TOXIN PRODUCTION IN GEORGIA PONDS , 2013 .

[206]  S. Azevedo,et al.  The first evidence of paralytic shellfish toxins in the fresh water cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, isolated from Brazil. , 1999, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[207]  F. Eynard,et al.  Risk of cyanobacterial toxins in Riga waters (Latvia) , 2000 .

[208]  Jia Xiaohui.  Formation of cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Chaohu and the photosynthesis of dominant species hypothesis , 2011 .

[209]  Man Xiao,et al.  Differences in vertical distribution of Microcystis morphospecies composition in a shallow hypertrophic lake (Lake Taihu, China) , 2015, Environmental Earth Sciences.

[210]  W. Okello,et al.  Seasonal development of cyanobacteria and microcystin production in Ugandan freshwater lakes , 2011 .

[211]  P. K. Bjørnsen,et al.  The size ratio between planktonic predators and their prey , 1994 .

[212]  R. K. Pathak,et al.  Seasonal variations in physicochemical characteristics and cyanobacterial diversity of a lake in Northern India , 2013 .

[213]  C. Wilhelm,et al.  Biological Effects of Incomplete Destratification of Hypertrophic Freshwater Reservoir , 2006, Hydrobiologia.

[214]  P. Santhanam,et al.  First report on the intense cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa Kützing, 1846 bloom at Muttukkadu Backwater, Southeast coast of India , 2014 .

[215]  E. Taşkın,et al.  Marine benthic Cyanobacteria in Northern Cyprus (Eastern Mediterranean Sea) , 2015 .

[216]  C. Bicudo,et al.  How important can the presence/absence of macrophytes be in determining phytoplankton strategies in two tropical shallow reservoirs with different trophic status? , 2010 .

[217]  David P. Hamilton,et al.  Costs of harmful blooms of freshwater cyanobacteria , 2013 .

[218]  M. Niemi,et al.  Toxic cyanobacteria in some finnish lakes , 1992 .

[219]  H. Utkilen,et al.  The rise and fall of a toxigenic population of Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanophyceae/Cyanobacteria)—a decade of observations in Lake Akersvatnet, Norway , 1996 .

[220]  K. McMahon,et al.  Spatiotemporal Molecular Analysis of Cyanobacteria Blooms Reveals Microcystis - Aphanizomenon Interactions , 2013, PloS one.

[221]  A. Couté,et al.  Cyanobacterial taxa of the Senegal River system (northern Senegal, West Africa) , 2005 .

[222]  Cyanobacterial dominance in Brazil: distribution and environmental preferences , 2013, Hydrobiologia.

[223]  M. Daam,et al.  Impact of single and repeated applications of the insecticide chlorpyrifos on tropical freshwater plankton communities , 2008, Ecotoxicology.

[224]  Wen-rong Hu,et al.  Spatiotemporal distribution pattern of cyanobacteria community and its relationship with the environmental factors in Hongze Lake, China , 2014, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.

[225]  U. Pollingher,et al.  Experimental study of size‐selective phytoplankton grazing by a filter‐feeding cichlid and the cichlid's effects on plankton community structure1 , 1987 .

[226]  Hans W. Paerl,et al.  Physiological ecology of toxic aquatic cyanobacteria , 1996 .

[227]  B. Zhou,et al.  Effects of iron and phosphorus on Microcystis physiological reactions. , 2006, Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES.

[228]  H. Paerl,et al.  Nutrient enrichment and selective predation by zooplankton promote Microcystis (Cyanobacteria) bloom formation , 2010 .

[229]  Makoto M. Watanabe,et al.  Morphological, biochemical and phylogenetic assessments of water‐bloom‐forming tropical morphospecies of Microcystis (Chroococcales, Cyanobacteria) , 2012 .

[230]  Renhui Li,et al.  Comparative studies on photosynthesis and phosphate metabolism of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii with Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. , 2009 .

[231]  S. Shibata,et al.  A proposal for the unification of five species of the cyanobacterial genus Microcystis Kützing ex Lemmermann 1907 under the rules of the Bacteriological Code. , 2001, International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology.

[232]  R. Sommaruga,et al.  Multiple Strategies of Bloom-Forming Microcystis to Minimize Damage by Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Surface Waters , 2009, Microbial Ecology.

[233]  Bomchul Kim,et al.  The Effect of Artificial Destratification on Phytoplankton in a Reservoir , 2004, Hydrobiologia.

[234]  J. Huisman,et al.  Changes in turbulent mixing shift competition for light between phytoplankton species , 2004 .

[235]  Fan Yang,et al.  Effects of lead(II) on the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production and colony formation of cultured Microcystis aeruginosa. , 2013, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[236]  V. Vasconcelos,et al.  Isolation, characterization and quantification of microcystins (heptapeptides hepatotoxins) in Microcystis aeruginosa dominated bloom of Lalla Takerkoust lake-reservoir (Morocco). , 2001, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[237]  M. Kawachi,et al.  Evidence of the existence of a toxic form of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) in Japan , 2012 .

[238]  J. Hardege,et al.  Cyanobacteria species identified in the Weija and Kpong reservoirs, Ghana, and their implications for drinking water quality with respect to microcystin , 2006 .

[239]  C. Reynolds,et al.  On the Annual Cycle of the Blue-Green Alga Microcystis Aeruginosa Kutz. Emend. Elenkin , 1981 .

[240]  Shin-ichi Nakano,et al.  Temperature-dependent dominance of Microcystis (Cyanophyceae) species: M. aeruginosa and M. wesenbergii , 2008 .

[241]  Yang Yu,et al.  Benefits and costs of the grazer-induced colony formation in Microcystis aeruginosa , 2009 .

[242]  Hiroshi Tsuno,et al.  Quantification of toxic Microcystis and evaluation of its dominance ratio in blooms using real-time PCR. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[243]  Ivanka Dimitrova-Dyulgerova,et al.  Phytoplankton community of the drinking water supply reservoir Borovitsa (South Bulgaria) with an emphasis on cyanotoxins and water quality , 2010, Central European Journal of Biology.

[244]  M. Zhang,et al.  THE ACCLIMATIVE CHANGES IN PHOTOCHEMISTRY AFTER COLONY FORMATION OF THE CYANOBACTERIA MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA 1 , 2011, Journal of phycology.

[245]  S. Carroll.  Chance and necessity: the evolution of morphological complexity and diversity , 2001, Nature.

[246]  Changhui Wang,et al.  Extracellular polymeric substances facilitate the biosorption of phenanthrene on cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. , 2016, Chemosphere.

[247]  S. Wood.  Bloom Forming and Toxic Cyanobacteria in New Zealand Species Diversity and Distribution, Cyanotoxin Production and Accumulation of Microcystins in Selected Freshwater Organisms , 2004 .

[248]  T. Kairesalo,et al.  Regulation of the development and species dominance of summer phytoplankton in Lake Vesijärvi: predictability of enclosure experiments , 1992, Hydrobiologia.

[249]  Xiao Tan,et al.  Effect of fluid motion on colony formation in Microcystis aeruginosa , 2013 .

[250]  V. Vasconcelos,et al.  Allelopathic activity of cyanobacteria on green microalgae at low cell densities , 2009 .

[251]  Lirong Song,et al.  Physiological comparison between colonial and unicellular forms of Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz. (Cyanobacteria) , 2008 .

[252]  Jiunn‐Tzong Wu,et al.  Resilience of a phytoplankton community after disturbance in a subtropical reservoir: A case study in Feitsui Reservoir, Taiwan , 2015 .

[253]  Zhou Yang,et al.  Combined effects of nitrogen content in media and Ochromonas sp. grazing on colony formation of cultured Microcystis aeruginosa , 2010 .

[254]  Richard D. Robarts,et al.  Interannual phytoplankton dynamics of a hypertrophic African lake , 1996 .

[255]  Katherine D. McMahon,et al.  The Role of Nitrogen Fixation in Cyanobacterial Bloom Toxicity in a Temperate, Eutrophic Lake , 2013, PloS one.

[256]  A. Infante,et al.  The effect of Cyanophyta upon zooplankton in a eutrophic tropical lake (Lake Valencia, Venezuela) , 1984, Hydrobiologia.

[257]  H. Urrutia,et al.  Microcystin in cyanobacterial blooms in a Chilean lake. , 1999, Systematic and applied microbiology.

[258]  Jason P. Antenucci,et al.  The long-term effect of artificial destratification on phytoplankton species composition in a subtropical reservoir , 2005 .

[259]  Wayne W. Carmichael,et al.  Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) selective filtration promoted toxic Microcystis blooms in Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and Lake Erie , 2001 .

[260]  M. Présing,et al.  Satellite remote sensing of phytoplankton phenology in Lake Balaton using 10 years of MERIS observations , 2015 .

[261]  A. N. Moura,et al.  Cyanobacteria, microcystins and cylindrospermopsin in public drinking supply reservoirs of Brazil. , 2014, Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias.

[262]  W. W. Jones,et al.  Distribution and Abundance of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Indiana Lakes and Reservoirs , 2005 .

[263]  R. Sommaruga,et al.  An isotopic analysis of the phytoplankton–zooplankton link in a highly eutrophic tropical reservoir dominated by cyanobacteria , 2017 .

[264]  I. Chorus,et al.  The Abundance of Microcystin-Producing Genotypes Correlates Positively with Colony Size in Microcystis sp. and Determines Its Microcystin Net Production in Lake Wannsee , 2003, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[265]  L. M. Rangel,et al.  Understanding the winning strategies used by the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. , 2016, Harmful algae.

[266]  A. Zille,et al.  Complexity of cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides: composition, structures, inducing factors and putative genes involved in their biosynthesis and assembly. , 2009, FEMS microbiology reviews.

[267]  Karl‐Erich Lilndenschmidt.  Controlling the Growth of Microcystis Using Surged Artificial Aeration , 1999, International Review of Hydrobiology.

[268]  J. Fastner.  First Results on the Occurrence of Microcystin-LR in Berlin and Brandenburg Lakes , 1994 .

[269]  Ateeque Ahmad,et al.  Growth inhibition of unicellular and colonial Microcystis strains (Cyanophyceae) by compounds isolated from rice (Oryza sativa) hulls , 2009 .

[270]  C. López,et al.  Seasonal morphological variability in an in situ Cyanobacteria monoculture: example from a persistent Cylindrospermopsis bloom in Lake Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico , 2016 .

[271]  S. C. Oliveira,et al.  Association between biotic and abiotic parameters and the occurrence of cyanobacteria in a Brazilian reservoir , 2012, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.

[272]  Jef Huisman,et al.  Competition for nutrients and light: Stable coexistence, alternative stable states or competitive exclusion? , 2006 .

[273]  L. Heller,et al.  Bacillus anthracis Virulent Plasmid pX02 Genes Found in Large Plasmids of Two Other Bacillus Species , 2006, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[274]  B. Díez,et al.  Diversity of hepatotoxic cyanobacteria in the Nile Delta, Egypt. , 2009, Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM.

[275]  N. Fortin,et al.  Detection of Microcystin-Producing Cyanobacteria in Missisquoi Bay, Quebec, Canada, Using Quantitative PCR , 2010, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[276]  A. Brutemark,et al.  Can Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii invade the Baltic Sea , 2015 .

[277]  M. Jang,et al.  Colony Formation in Planktonic Algae Induced by Zooplankton Culture Media Filtrate , 2004 .

[278]  M. Kumagai,et al.  Spatial distribution and temporal variation of Microcystis species composition and microcystin concentration in Lake Biwa , 2005, Environmental toxicology.

[279]  O. Belykh,et al.  DETECTION OF MICROCYSTIN PRODUCING CYANOBACTERIA IN THE SVISLOCH RIVER, BELARUS , 2012 .

[280]  Qiang Peng,et al.  Morphospecies and genospecies of Microcystis during blooms in eutrophic Lake Taihu (China) in autumn , 2014 .

[281]  Fanxiang Kong,et al.  Effects of Filtered Lake Water on Colony Formation and Growth Rate in Microcystis aeruginosa of Different Physiological Phases , 2005 .

[282]  E. Bellinger,et al.  Biological control of cyanobacteria: principles and possibilities , 1999, Hydrobiologia.

[283]  Min-Ho Jang,et al.  Toxin production of cyanobacteria is increased by exposure to zooplankton , 2003 .

[284]  S. Ellner,et al.  Evolutionary trade–off between defence against grazing and competitive ability in a simple unicellular alga, Chlorella vulgaris , 2004, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[285]  L. Beron.  Features of the limnological behavior of Salto Grande's reservoir (Argentina-Uruguay) , 1990 .

[286]  M. Quilliam,et al.  First report of the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin in New Zealand. , 2001, Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology.

[287]  A. Thuvander,et al.  Toxicological Evaluation of Myristicin , 1998 .

[288]  F. Laviolette,et al.  Régime alimentaire de Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, du Lac Muhazi (Rwanda) , 1994 .

[289]  L. Krienitz,et al.  Cyanotoxin-producing bloom of Anabaena flos-aquae, Anabaena discoidea and Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanobacteria) in Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya , 2002 .

[290]  A. Walsby,et al.  Stratification by cyanobacteria in lakes: a dynamic buoyancy model indicates size limitations met by Planktothrix rubescens filaments. , 2005, The New phytologist.

[291]  P. Xie,et al.  In situ study on the control of toxic Microcystis blooms using phytoplanktivorous fish in the subtropical Lake Taihu of China: A large fish pen experiment , 2007 .

[292]  Lucien Hoffmann,et al.  Distribution of Hepatotoxic Cyanobacterial Blooms in Belgium and Luxembourg , 2005, Hydrobiologia.

[293]  S. Janse van Vuuren,et al.  Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, a toxic invasive cyanobacterium in South African fresh waters , 2008 .

[294]  H. Paerl,et al.  Climate change: a catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms. , 2009, Environmental microbiology reports.

[295]  S. Drakare,et al.  Effects of the mixotrophic flagellate Ochromonas sp. on colony formation in Microcystis aeruginosa , 2001, Aquatic Ecology.

[296]  C. Gobler,et al.  Interactive influences of nutrient loading, zooplankton grazing, and microcystin synthetase gene expression on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics in a eutrophic New York lake , 2007 .

[297]  M. Moustaka-Gouni,et al.  Seasonal variation in phytoplankton composition and physical-chemical features of the shallow Lake Doïrani, Macedonia, Greece , 2000, Hydrobiologia.

[298]  W. Carmichael,et al.  Human intoxication by microcystins during renal dialysis treatment in Caruaru-Brazil. , 2002, Toxicology.

[299]  Yang Yu,et al.  Community Structure of Bacteria Associated with Microcystis Colonies from Cyanobacterial Blooms , 2010 .

[300]  J. Brookes,et al.  The influence of light and nutrients on buoyancy, filament aggregation and flotation of Anabaena circinalis , 1999 .

[301]  H. Gunnarsson,et al.  Possible Linkages Between Algae Toxins in Drinking Water and Related Illnesses in Windhoek, Namibia , 2001 .

[302]  Kahli E. McDonald,et al.  Dynamics of Aphanizomenon and Microcystis (cyanobacteria) during experimental manipulation of an urban impoundment , 2013 .

[303]  W. Carmichael,et al.  Human fatalities from cyanobacteria: chemical and biological evidence for cyanotoxins. , 2001, Environmental health perspectives.

[304]  A. Lugliè,et al.  Morphological Plasticity of Dominant Species in Response to Nutrients Dynamics in Bidighinzu Reservoir of Sardinia, Italy , 2009 .

[305]  S. Suda,et al.  Phylogenetic relationships between toxic and non-toxic strains of the genus Microcystis based on 16S to 23S internal transcribed spacer sequence. , 1999, FEMS microbiology letters.

[306]  D. Li,et al.  Physiological variations of bloom-forming Microcystis (Cyanophyceae) related to colony size changes during blooms , 2012 .

[307]  L. Hansson,et al.  Controlling Harmful Cyanobacteria: Taxa-Specific Responses of Cyanobacteria to Grazing by Large-Bodied Daphnia in a Biomanipulation Scenario , 2016, PloS one.

[308]  Elena Litchman,et al.  Effects of temperature and nitrogen availability on the growth of invasive and native cyanobacteria , 2015, Hydrobiologia.

[309]  Luigi Naselli-Flores,et al.  Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in reservoirs under a semiarid mediterranean climate: The magnification of a problem , 2007, Environmental toxicology.

[310]  A. Chiovitti,et al.  Characterization of the extracellular matrix of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae): structure, composition, and adhesive characteristics , 2013, Journal of phycology.

[311]  S. Gkelis,et al.  Diversity of hepatotoxic microcystins and bioactive anabaenopeptins in cyanobacterial blooms from Greek freshwaters , 2005, Environmental toxicology.

[312]  K. Beattie,et al.  Toxic blooms of cyanobacteria in the Patos Lagoon Estuary, southern Brazil , 1996 .

[313]  W. Dodds,et al.  Eutrophication of U.S. freshwaters: analysis of potential economic damages. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[314]  Lirong Song,et al.  Phenotype and temperature affect the affinity for dissolved inorganic carbon in a cyanobacterium Microcystis , 2011, Hydrobiologia.

[315]  F. Cava,et al.  Binding to pyruvylated compounds as an ancestral mechanism to anchor the outer envelope in primitive bacteria , 2004, Molecular microbiology.

[316]  M. Lürling.  Phenotypic plasticity in the green algae Desmodesmus and Scenedesmus with special reference to the induction of defensive morphology , 2003 .

[317]  R. Oliver,et al.  VERTICAL SEPARATION OF LIGHT AND AVAILABLE NUTRIENTS AS A FACTOR CAUSING REPLACEMENT OF GREEN ALGAE BY BLUE-GREEN ALGAE IN THE PLANKTON OF A STRATIFIED LAKE , 1982 .

[318]  Friedrich Recknagel,et al.  Elucidation and short-term forecasting of microcystin concentrations in Lake Suwa (Japan) by means of artificial neural networks and evolutionary algorithms. , 2007, Water research.

[319]  C. Reynolds,et al.  Understanding the assembly of phytoplankton in relation to the trophic spectrum: where are we now? , 2000, Hydrobiologia.

[320]  B. Beker,et al.  Dynamics of a toxic cyanobacterial bloom ( Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii) in a shallow reservoir in the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil , 1999 .

[321]  Wayne W. Carmichael,et al.  A Drinking Water Crisis in Lake Taihu, China: Linkage to Climatic Variability and Lake Management , 2010, Environmental management.

[322]  H. Paerl,et al.  Environmental factors controlling colony formation in blooms of the cyanobacteria Microcystis spp. in Lake Taihu, China. , 2014, Harmful algae.

[323]  Norio Ohkubo,et al.  Studies on the succession of blue‐green algae, Microcystis, Anabaena, Oscillatoria and Phormidium in Lake Kasumigaura , 1993 .

[324]  B. Luckas,et al.  Microcystis aeruginosa Bloom and the Occurrence of Microcystins (Heptapeptides Hepatotoxins) From an Aquaculture Pond in Gazipur, Bangladesh , 2008 .

[325]  M. Haldna,et al.  Dominant cyanobacterial genera in Lake Peipsi (Estonia/Russia): effect of weather and nutrients in summer months , 2013 .

[326]  N. Bouaïcha,et al.  First reported case of turtle deaths during a toxic Microcystis spp. bloom in Lake Oubeira, Algeria. , 2008, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[327]  Man Xiao,et al.  Interspecific variation in extracellular polysaccharide content and colony formation of Microcystis spp. cultured under different light intensities and temperatures , 2015, Journal of Applied Phycology.

[328]  Michael R. Grace,et al.  Biogeochemistry and cyanobacterial blooms: investigating the relationship in a shallow, polymictic, temperate lake , 2010 .

[329]  M. Kawachi,et al.  Morphology, genetic diversity, temperature tolerance and toxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) strains from Thailand and Japan. , 2004, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[330]  C. Nwadiaro,et al.  Proximate Composition and Nutrient Elements in the “Unusual” Algal “Jellies” of Lake Oguta in Southern Nigeria , 1990 .

[331]  Lucas J Stal,et al.  How rising CO2 and global warming may stimulate harmful cyanobacterial blooms. , 2016, Harmful algae.

[332]  M. Kessel,et al.  The ultrastructure and development of the colonial sheath of Microcystis marginata , 1975, Archives of Microbiology.

[333]  N. Caraco,et al.  Changes in cyanobacterial dominance following the invasion of the zebra musselDreissena polymorpha: Long-term results from the Hudson River estuary , 2007 .

[334]  V. Vasconcelos,et al.  Toxicology of a Microcystis ichthyoblabe waterbloom from Lake Oued Mellah (Morocco) , 2002, Environmental toxicology.

[335]  G. Mcgregor.  Freshwater Cyanobacteria of North-Eastern Australia: 2. Chroococcales , 2013 .

[336]  F. Martínez-Jerónimo,et al.  Microcystis toxigenic strains in urban lakes: a case of study in Mexico City , 2010, Ecotoxicology.

[337]  A. Handa,et al.  Chemistry and uses of pectin--a review. , 1997, Critical reviews in food science and nutrition.

[338]  Henri J. Dumont,et al.  The Nile : origin, environments, limnology and human use , 2009 .

[339]  K. Gin,et al.  The dynamics of cyanobacteria and microcystin production in a tropical reservoir of Singapore , 2011 .

[340]  G. Rollwagen‐Bollens,et al.  Environmental influence on cyanobacteria abundance and microcystin toxin production in a shallow temperate lake. , 2015, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[341]  J. T. Lehman.  Understanding the role of induced mixing for management of nuisance algal blooms in an urbanized reservoir , 2014 .

[342]  Jost Wingender,et al.  Microbial Extracellular Polymeric Substances , 1999, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[343]  P. Todd,et al.  TOP-DOWN CONTROL OF PHYTOPLANKTON BY ZOOPLANKTON IN TROPICAL RESERVOIRS IN SINGAPORE? , 2010 .