The transmission line model for rectangular patch antennas

Early analyses of rectangular patch antennas have been based on the transmission line model [1,2]. Although this model provides results adequate for engineering purposes, it predicts a resonant frequency which is lower [2] and also it cannot account for the dependence of the resonant frequency on the patch aspect ratio and the substrate thickness [3]. Later, the cavity model [4] and its modification [2,3] have been developed to analyze such antennas; these methods provide accurate results but require elaborate computation.