Drosophila S6 kinase: a regulator of cell size.

Cell proliferation requires cell growth; that is, cells only divide after they reach a critical size. However, the mechanisms by which cells grow and maintain their appropriate size have remained elusive. Drosophila deficient in the S6 kinase gene (dS6K) exhibited an extreme delay in development and a severe reduction in body size. These flies had smaller cells rather than fewer cells. The effect was cell-autonomous, displayed throughout larval development, and distinct from that of ribosomal protein mutants (Minutes). Thus, the dS6K gene product regulates cell size in a cell-autonomous manner without impinging on cell number.

[1]  G. Thomas,et al.  Target of rapamycin (TOR): balancing the opposing forces of protein synthesis and degradation. , 1999, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[2]  I. Conlon,et al.  Size Control in Animal Development , 1999, Cell.

[3]  Stefano Fumagalli,et al.  Disruption of the p70s6k/p85s6k gene reveals a small mouse phenotype and a new functional S6 kinase , 1998, The EMBO journal.

[4]  G. Cooper,et al.  Differential Activation of p70 and p85 S6 Kinase Isoforms during Cardiac Hypertrophy in the Adult Mammal* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[5]  T. P. Neufeld,et al.  Coordination of Growth and Cell Division in the Drosophila Wing , 1998, Cell.

[6]  P. Berggren,et al.  Exocytosis of insulin promotes insulin gene transcription via the insulin receptor/PI-3 kinase/p70 s6 kinase and CaM kinase pathways. , 1998, Molecular cell.

[7]  A. Lambertsson.  The minute genes in Drosophila and their molecular functions. , 1998, Advances in genetics.

[8]  G. Thomas,et al.  TOR signalling and control of cell growth. , 1997, Current opinion in cell biology.

[9]  G. Morata,et al.  The homeobox gene Distal-less induces ventral appendage development in Drosophila. , 1997, Genes & development.

[10]  E. Hafen,et al.  The Drosophila phosphoinositide 3‐kinase Dp110 promotes cell growth. , 1996, The EMBO journal.

[11]  G. Thomas,et al.  The Drosophila p70s6k homolog exhibits conserved regulatory elements and rapamycin sensitivity. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[12]  K. Nasmyth.  Another role rolls in , 1996, Nature.

[13]  F. Nielsen,et al.  Growth-dependent translation of IGF-II mRNA by a rapamycin-sensitive pathway , 1995, Nature.

[14]  A. Garcı́a-Bellido,et al.  Cell interactions in the control of size in Drosophila wings. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[15]  S. Cohen,et al.  Interaction between dorsal and ventral cells in the imaginal disc directs wing development in Drosophila , 1993, Cell.

[16]  G. Gloor,et al.  Type I repressors of P element mobility. , 1993, Genetics.

[17]  N. Perrimon,et al.  Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and generating dominant phenotypes. , 1993, Development.

[18]  R. Denell,et al.  Mutations in the Drosophila gene encoding ribosomal protein S6 cause tissue overgrowth , 1993, Molecular and cellular biology.

[19]  K Nasmyth,et al.  Control of the yeast cell cycle by the Cdc28 protein kinase. , 1993, Current opinion in cell biology.

[20]  G. Rubin,et al.  Analysis of genetic mosaics in developing and adult Drosophila tissues. , 1993, Development.

[21]  M Wilcox,et al.  The distribution of PS integrins, laminin A and F-actin during key stages in Drosophila wing development. , 1993, Development.

[22]  A. Spradling,et al.  Analysis of subtelomeric heterochromatin in the Drosophila minichromosome Dp1187 by single P element insertional mutagenesis. , 1992, Genetics.

[23]  D. Lindsley,et al.  The Genome of Drosophila Melanogaster , 1992 .

[24]  G. Rubin,et al.  A putative Ras GTPase activating protein acts as a negative regulator of signaling by the Sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase , 1992, Cell.

[25]  E. Hafen,et al.  Ligand-independent activation of the sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase changes the fate of cells in the developing Drosophila eye , 1991, Cell.

[26]  M. Ashburner.  Drosophila. A laboratory manual. , 1989 .

[27]  J Palka,et al.  Changing spatial patterns of DNA replication in the developing wing of Drosophila. , 1987, Developmental biology.

[28]  W. Theurkauf,et al.  Tissue-specific and constitutive alpha-tubulin genes of Drosophila melanogaster code for structurally distinct proteins. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[29]  M. Milner,et al.  Centrosomal microtubule-organizing centres and a switch in the control of protofilament number for cell surface-associated microtubules during Drosophila wing morphogenesis , 1986 .

[30]  G. Rubin,et al.  Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable element vectors. , 1982, Science.

[31]  G C Johnston,et al.  Coordination of growth with cell division in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 1977, Experimental cell research.

[32]  G. Morata,et al.  Developmental compartmentalisation of the wing disk of Drosophila. , 1973, Nature: New biology.

[33]  G. Oswald,et al.  Lakes Beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet , 1973, Nature.

[34]  A. Garcı́a-Bellido,et al.  Parameters of the wing imaginal disc development of Drosophila melanogaster. , 1971, Developmental biology.