CsI UV photocathodes: history and mystery

Abstract CsI films are known to be efficient photoconvertors, intensively investigated for UV-photon imaging devices. The article reviews the production and characterization techniques of CsI photocathodes and their photoemission properties in vacuum and gas media, in charge collection and multiplication modes. The important roles of surface phenomena, gas and electric fields are described. The stability of the films is discussed.

[1]  R. L. Verma.  Potential and limitations of caesium iodide as a dynode material for use in electron multipliers , 1978 .

[2]  R. Mukherjee,et al.  Electron extraction from a CsI photocathode into condensed Xe, Kr, and Ar , 1994 .

[3]  P. Miné.  Photoemissive materials and their application to gaseous detectors , 1994 .

[4]  A. Breskin,et al.  A gas-filled UV-photon detector with CsI photocathode for the detection of Xe light , 1990 .

[5]  P. Miné,et al.  Measurement of the quantum efficiency of CsI, amorphous silicon and organometallic reflective photocathodes , 1994 .

[6]  G. Charpak,et al.  Some studies of the applications of CsI photocathodes in gaseous detectors , 1993 .

[7]  B. Hong,et al.  Performance of a prototype RICH detector using a CsI photocathode readout with low pressure avalanche , 1995 .

[8]  P. Miné,et al.  Review of the development of cesium iodide photocathodes for application to large RICH detectors , 1995 .

[9]  P. Miné,et al.  A correction of the quantum efficiency of CsI and other photocathodes due to the recalibration of the reference photomultipliers , 1994 .

[10]  K. McDonald,et al.  Helium gas mixtures for ring imaging Cherenkov detectors with CsI photocathodes , 1993 .

[11]  P. Jarry,et al.  Measurements of CsI photocathode quantum efficiency in methane , 1994 .

[12]  P. Miné,et al.  Electric field effects on the quantum efficiency of CsI photocathodes in gas media , 1994 .

[13]  A. Buzulutskov,et al.  Heat enhancement of the photoyield from CsI, NaI and CuI photocathodes , 1995 .

[14]  P. Križan,et al.  Tests of a solid CsI photocathode in a thin multiwire proportional chamber , 1991 .

[15]  G. Carruthers,et al.  Magnetically focused electronographic image converters for space astronomy applications. , 1969, Applied optics.

[16]  A. Breskin,et al.  On the two-stage operation mechanism of low-pressure microstrip gas chambers , 1994 .

[17]  G. Paic,et al.  First observation of Cherenkov rings in a fast RICH detector combining a cesium iodide photoconverter with an atmospheric pressure wire chamber , 1993 .

[18]  G. Margaritondo,et al.  Microanalysis surface studies and photoemission properties of CsI photocathodes , 1995 .

[19]  B. Hoeneisen,et al.  Properties of CsI and CsI-TMAE photocathodes , 1992 .

[20]  V. Peskov,et al.  First observation of the scintillation light from solid Xe, Kr and Ar with a CsI photocathode , 1994 .

[21]  G. Charpak,et al.  Development of large-area, air-stable photocathodes for the ultraviolet , 1991 .

[22]  P. Besson,et al.  Measurement of photomultiplier quantum efficiency , 1994 .

[23]  V. Cindro,et al.  Measurements of the quantum efficiency of CsI photocathodes in a multiwire proportional chamber , 1995 .

[24]  R. Visser,et al.  Quantum efficiencies of several VUV-sensitive photomultiplier tubes☆ , 1993 .

[25]  Alan D. Lopez,et al.  Observation of Cherenkov rings using a low-pressure parallel-plate chamber and a solid cesium-iodide photocathode , 1993 .

[26]  G. Hallewell.  Long-term, efficient RICH detector operation with TMAE , 1994 .

[27]  Amos Breskin,et al.  Progress in ultrafast CsI-photocathode gaseous imaging photomultipliers , 1991 .

[28]  C. Woody,et al.  Measurement of the quantum efficiency of TMAE and TEA from threshold to 120 nm , 1987 .

[29]  P. Miné,et al.  Quantum efficiency and radiation resistance of bulk and porous CsI photocathodes in vacuum and methane , 1993 .

[30]  A. Buzulutskov,et al.  Field enhanced response of a CsI photocathode to BaF-2 and KMgF-3 scintillation , 1994 .

[31]  A. Breskin,et al.  Low-energy electron transport in alkali halides , 1994 .

[32]  P. Fonte,et al.  Investigation of operation of a parallel-plate avalanche chamber with a CsI photocathode under high gain conditions , 1991 .

[33]  A. Bianco,et al.  Morphological Effects in the Quantum Yield of Cesium Iodide , 1995 .

[34]  V. Peskov,et al.  Gaseous detectors of ultraviolet and visible photons , 1994 .

[35]  A. Buzulutskov,et al.  Field-dependent photoelectron extraction from CsI in different gases , 1995 .

[36]  C Martin,et al.  Quantum efficiency of opaque Csl photocathodes with channel electron multiplier arrays in the extreme and far ultraviolet. , 1982, Applied optics.

[37]  G. Carruthers,et al.  Mesh-based semitransparent photocathodes. , 1975, Applied optics.

[38]  Amos Breskin,et al.  Field enhancement of the photoelectric and secondary electron emission from CsI , 1995 .

[39]  S. Kwan,et al.  CsI photocathode QE and a simple production technique , 1993 .

[40]  P. Miné,et al.  Investigation of CsI and CsI-TMAE VUV-photocathodes in vacuum and gas media , 1993 .

[41]  S. Kwan,et al.  CsI and some new photocathodes , 1994 .

[42]  G. Paic,et al.  Fast RICH detector with a cesium iodide photocathode at atmospheric pressure , 1994 .

[43]  P. Miné,et al.  Recent Results on the Properties of Csi Photocathodes , 1995 .

[44]  P. Besson,et al.  Quantum efficiency and ageing studies for bulk and porous CsI photocathodes in a MWPC , 1994 .

[45]  K. T. McDonald,et al.  Properties of reflective and semitransparent CsI photocathodes , 1994 .

[46]  G. Charpak,et al.  Reflective UV photocathodes with gas-phase electron extraction: solid, liquid, and adsorbed thin films , 1990 .

[47]  P. Mangeot,et al.  Multi-needle detector with cathode focusing , 1980 .

[48]  P. Miné,et al.  Incident angle effect on the quantum efficiency of CsI photocathodes , 1995 .

[49]  Amos Breskin,et al.  Study of CsI photocathodes: volume resistivity and ageing , 1997 .

[50]  L. Heroux,et al.  The influence of cathode thickness and aging on the photoelectric yields of LiF and CsI in the xuv. , 1966, Applied optics.

[51]  Field‐Enhanced Secondary Electron Emission from Films of Low Density , 1964 .

[52]  James F. Pearson,et al.  UV AND XUV QUANTUM DETECTION EFFICIENCIES OF CSI-COATED MICROCHANNEL PLATES , 1987 .

[53]  S. Kwan,et al.  A Study of the CsI-TMAE photocathode , 1991 .

[54]  R. Gernhäuser,et al.  Preparation of reflective CsI photocathodes with reproducible high quantum efficiency , 1995 .

[55]  B. Hoeneisen,et al.  A CsI-TMAE photocathode with low-pressure readout for RICH , 1991 .