Fractal processes in soil water retention

Numerous empirical models exist for soil water retention and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity data. It has generally been recognized that the empirical fitting coefficients in these models are somehow related to soil texture. However, the fact that they are empirical means that elaborate laboratory experiments must be performed for each soil to obtain values for the parameters. Moreover, empirical models do not shed insight into the fundamental physical principles that govern the processes of unsaturated flow and drainage. We propose a physical conceptual model for soil texture and pore structure that is based on the concept of fractal geometry. The motivation for a fractal model of soil texture is that some particle size distributions in granular soils have already been shown to display self-similar scaling that is typical of fractal objects. Hence it is reasonable to expect that pore size distributions may also display fractal scaling properties. The paradigm that we use for the soil pore size distribution is the Sierpinski carpet, which is a fractal that contains self similar “holes” (or pores) over a wide range of scales. We evaluate the water retention properties of regular and random Sierpinski carpets and relate these properties directly to the Brooks and Corey (or Campbell) empirical water retention model. We relate the water retention curves directly to the fractal dimension of the Sierpinski carpet and show that the fractal dimension strongly controls the water retention properties of the Sierpinski carpet “soil”. Higher fractal dimensions are shown to mimic clay-type soils, with very slow dewatering characteristics and relatively low fractal dimensions are shown to mimic a sandy soil with relatively rapid dewatering characteristics. Our fractal model of soil water retention removes the empirical fitting parameters from the soil water retention models and provides parameters (fractal dimension) which are intrinsic to the nature of the fractal porous structure. The relative permeability functions of Burdine and Mualem are also shown to be fractal directly from fractal water retention results.