Timing of Renal‐Replacement Therapy in Patients with Acute Kidney Injury and Sepsis

BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury is the most frequent complication in patients with septic shock and is an independent risk factor for death. Although renal‐replacement therapy is the standard of care for severe acute kidney injury, the ideal time for initiation remains controversial. METHODS In a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial, we assigned patients with early‐stage septic shock who had severe acute kidney injury at the failure stage of the risk, injury, failure, loss, and end‐stage kidney disease (RIFLE) classification system but without life‐threatening complications related to acute kidney injury to receive renal‐replacement therapy either within 12 hours after documentation of failure‐stage acute kidney injury (early strategy) or after a delay of 48 hours if renal recovery had not occurred (delayed strategy). The failure stage of the RIFLE classification system is characterized by a serum creatinine level 3 times the baseline level (or ≥4 mg per deciliter with a rapid increase of ≥0.5 mg per deciliter), urine output less than 0.3 ml per kilogram of body weight per hour for 24 hours or longer, or anuria for at least 12 hours. The primary outcome was death at 90 days. RESULTS The trial was stopped early for futility after the second planned interim analysis. A total of 488 patients underwent randomization; there were no significant between‐group differences in the characteristics at baseline. Among the 477 patients for whom follow‐up data at 90 days were available, 58% of the patients in the early‐strategy group (138 of 239 patients) and 54% in the delayed‐strategy group (128 of 238 patients) had died (P=0.38). In the delayed‐strategy group, 38% (93 patients) did not receive renal‐replacement therapy. Criteria for emergency renal‐replacement therapy were met in 17% of the patients in the delayed‐strategy group (41 patients). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with septic shock who had severe acute kidney injury, there was no significant difference in overall mortality at 90 days between patients who were assigned to an early strategy for the initiation of renal‐replacement therapy and those who were assigned to a delayed strategy. (Funded by the French Ministry of Health; IDEAL‐ICU ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01682590.)