Particles in Water: Properties and Processes

INTRODUCTION Particles in the Aquatic Environment Colloidal Aspects PARTICLE SIZE AND RELATED PROPERTIES Particle Size and Shape Particle Size Distributions Particle Transport Light Scattering and Turbidity Measurement of Particle Size SURFACE CHARGE Origin of Surface Charge The Electrical Double Layer Electrokinetic Phenomena COLLOID INTERACTIONS AND COLLOID STABILITY Colloid Interactions - General Concepts van der Waals Interaction Electrical Double Layer Interaction Combined Interaction - DLVO Theory Non-DLVO Interactions AGGREGATION KINETICS Collision Frequency - Smoluchowski Theory Collision Mechanisms Form of Aggregates Strength and Breakage of Aggregates COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION Terminology Hydrolyzing Metal Coagulants Polymeric Flocculants SEPARATION METHODS Introduction Flocculation Processes Sedimentation Flotation Filtration