Joint stiffness: Myth or reality?

[1]  A. Mosso Description d'un myotonomètre pour étudier la tonicité des muscles chez l'homme , 1896 .

[2]  K. Rieger Untersuchungen über Muskelzustände , 1906 .

[3]  I. N. Filimonoff Klinische Beiträge zum Tonusproblem , 1925 .

[4]  J. McKinley,et al.  QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON HUMAN MUSCLE TONUS: I. DESCRIPTION OF METHODS , 1928 .

[5]  Zur Methodik der Tonusuntersuchung am Menschen , 1929 .

[6]  Nathaniel J. Berkwitz,et al.  QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE HUMAN MUSCLE TONUS: II. AN ANALYSIS OF EIGHTY-TWO NORMAL AND PATHOLOGIC CASES , 1932 .

[7]  J. McKinley,et al.  ELECTRIC ACTION POTENTIALS IN MUSCLES DURING RECORDING OF MECHANICAL TONUS TRACINGS , 1933 .

[8]  W. O. Fenn,et al.  THE MEASUREMENT OF THE ELASTICITY AND VISCOSITY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CASES; A STUDY OF SOCALLED "MUSCLE TONUS". , 1934, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[9]  Quantitative studies on human muscle tonus , 1937 .

[10]  A. Hill The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle , 1938 .

[11]  T. J. Putnam,et al.  ACTION POTENTIALS OF MUSCLES IN NORMAL SUBJECTS , 1939 .

[12]  F. Buchthal,et al.  ACTION POTENTIALS IN PATHOLOGICAL POSTURAL REFLEX ACTIVITY (SPASTICITY AND RIGIDITY) , 1946, Acta psychiatrica et neurologica.

[13]  V. T. Inman,et al.  Mechanics of human isolated voluntary muscle. , 1947, The American journal of physiology.

[14]  A. Hill The heat of activation and the heat of shortening in a muscle twitch , 1949, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B - Biological Sciences.

[15]  D. Wilkie The relation between force and velocity in human muscle , 1949, The Journal of physiology.

[16]  Archibald Vivian Hill,et al.  The series elastic componet of muscle , 1950, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B - Biological Sciences.

[17]  B. Libet,et al.  The question of tonus in skeletal muscle. , 1953, American journal of physical medicine.

[18]  L MACPHERSON,et al.  A method of determining the force‐velocity relation of muscle from two isometric contractions , 1953, The Journal of physiology.

[19]  A. Hill The mechanics of active muscle , 1953, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B - Biological Sciences.

[20]  O. Lippold,et al.  The relation between force, velocity and integrated electrical activity in human muscles , 1954, The Journal of physiology.

[21]  [Elastic qualities of the skeletal and cardiac muscles in various phases of an isometric twitch]. , 1956, Zeitschrift fur Biologie.

[22]  D. Wilkie The mechanical properties of muscle. , 1956, British medical bulletin.

[23]  D. Wilkie Measurement of the series elastic component at various times during a single muscle twitch , 1956, The Journal of physiology.

[24]  E. A. Pask,et al.  Monographs of the Physiological Society , 1956 .

[25]  Fritz Buchthal,et al.  An introduction to electromyography , 1957 .

[26]  A. Sandow,et al.  A theory of active state mechanisms in isometric muscular contraction. , 1958, Science.

[27]  B. R. Jewell,et al.  An analysis of the mechanical components in frog's striated muscle , 1958, The Journal of physiology.

[28]  D. Wilkie,et al.  The dynamics of muscular contraction , 1958, The Journal of physiology.

[29]  F. Plum Handbook of Physiology. , 1960 .

[30]  A. Hill Production and absorption of work by muscle. , 1960, Science.

[31]  D H ELLIOTT,et al.  STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MAMMALIAN TENDON , 1965, Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[32]  N. A. Bernshteĭn The co-ordination and regulation of movements , 1967 .

[33]  A. Bahler,et al.  Series elastic component of mammalian skeletal muscle. , 1967, The American journal of physiology.

[34]  G. C. Joyce,et al.  The mechanical properties of cat soleus muscle during controlled lengthening and shortening movements , 1969, The Journal of physiology.

[35]  Huxley Af,et al.  Rapid 'give' and the tension 'shoulder' in the relaxation of frog muscle fibres. , 1970 .

[36]  F. G. Evans,et al.  Strength of biological materials , 1970 .

[37]  A. Hill First and Last Experiments in Muscle Mechanics , 1970 .

[38]  E. Baer,et al.  Collagen; ultrastructure and its relation to mechanical properties as a function of ageing , 1972, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[39]  Par F. Goubel,et al.  Évaluation De L Élasticité Du Muscle in Situ Par Une Méthode De Quick-Release , 1973 .

[40]  G. C. Joyce,et al.  The forces generated at the human elbow joint in response to imposed sinusoidal movements of the forearm , 1974, The Journal of physiology.

[41]  F. Julian,et al.  Variation of muscle stiffness with force at increasing speeds of shortening , 1975, The Journal of general physiology.

[42]  D Dowson,et al.  Quantitative study of stiffness in the knee joint. , 1975, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[43]  J. Soechting,et al.  Influence of mechanical properties on the relation between EMG activity and torque. , 1976, Journal de physiologie.

[44]  George E. Stelmach,et al.  Central and Peripheral Mechanisms in Motor Control , 1976 .

[45]  J. Houk,et al.  Regulatory actions of human stretch reflex. , 1976, Journal of neurophysiology.

[46]  J. Rastegar,et al.  Measurement of the nonlinear, coupled stiffness characteristics of the human knee. , 1977, Journal of biomechanics.

[47]  R. Alexander,et al.  Storage of elastic strain energy in muscle and other tissues , 1977, Nature.

[48]  D. Morgan Separation of active and passive components of short-range stiffness of muscle. , 1977, The American journal of physiology.

[49]  G. Agarwal,et al.  Compliance of the Human Ankle Joint , 1977 .

[50]  Equivalent biomechanical characteristics of the ankle muscles. , 1978 .

[51]  G. Gottlieb,et al.  Dependence of human ankle compliance on joint angle. , 1978, Journal of biomechanics.

[52]  U. Proske,et al.  Measurements of muscle stiffness and the mechanism of elastic storage of energy in hopping kangaroos. , 1978, The Journal of physiology.

[53]  H C Kwan,et al.  Control of stiffness by the medium latency electromyographic response to limb perturbation. , 1979, Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology.

[54]  T. McMahon,et al.  Reflex stiffness of man's anti-gravity muscles during kneebends while carrying extra weights. , 1979, Journal of biomechanics.

[55]  T. McMahon,et al.  The influence of track compliance on running. , 1979, Journal of biomechanics.

[56]  G. Zahalak,et al.  A Quantitative Evaluation of the Frequency-Response Characteristics of Active Human Skeletal Muscle In Vivo , 1979 .

[57]  T K Borg,et al.  Morphology of connective tissue in skeletal muscle. , 1980, Tissue & cell.

[58]  At Hof,et al.  EMG to force processing , 1980 .

[59]  G. Stelmach,et al.  Tutorials in Motor Behavior , 1980 .

[60]  A. G. Feldman Superposition of motor programs—I. Rhythmic forearm movements in man , 1980, Neuroscience.

[61]  E. Bizzi 7 Central and Peripheral Mechanisms in Motor Control , 1980 .

[62]  V. M. Zatsiorsky,et al.  The Determination of the Equivalent Biomechanical Characteristics of the Ankle Joint Muscles by Vibration Tests , 1981 .

[63]  B. Walmsley,et al.  Comparison of stiffness of soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles in cats. , 1981, Journal of neurophysiology.

[64]  R. F. Ker Dynamic tensile properties of the plantaris tendon of sheep (Ovis aries). , 1981, The Journal of experimental biology.

[65]  J. van den Berg,et al.  EMG to force processing II: Estimation of parameters of the Hill muscle model for the human triceps surae by means of a calfergometer. , 1981, Journal of biomechanics.

[66]  S. Andreassen,et al.  Regulation of soleus muscle stiffness in premammillary cats: intrinsic and reflex components. , 1981, Journal of neurophysiology.

[67]  Man under vibration : suffering and protection : proceedings of the International CISM-IFToMM-WHO Symposium, Udine, Italy, April 3-6, 1979 , 1981 .

[68]  I. Hunter,et al.  Dynamics of human ankle stiffness: variation with displacement amplitude. , 1982, Journal of biomechanics.

[69]  W. Rymer,et al.  Motor-unit activation patterns in lengthening and isometric contractions of hindlimb extensor muscles in the decerebrate cat. , 1982, Journal of neurophysiology.

[70]  L. Kempe Handbook of Physiology. Section I. The Nervous System , 1982 .

[71]  J A Kelso,et al.  Analysis of "invariant characteristics" in the motor control of down's syndrome and normal subjects. , 1982, Journal of motor behavior.

[72]  I. Hunter,et al.  Dynamics of human ankle stiffness: variation with mean ankle torque. , 1982, Journal of biomechanics.

[73]  S. Cannon,et al.  The mechanical behavior of active human skeletal muscle in small oscillations. , 1982, Journal of biomechanics.

[74]  J. Mansour,et al.  The passive elastic moment at the hip. , 1982, Journal of biomechanics.

[75]  J. van den Berg,et al.  Calf muscle moment, work and efficiency in level walking; role of series elasticity. , 1983, Journal of biomechanics.

[76]  P. Rack,et al.  Reflex responses at the human ankle: the importance of tendon compliance. , 1983, The Journal of physiology.

[77]  C. Gielen,et al.  Intrinsic and afferent components in apparent muscle stiffness in man , 1983, Neuroscience.

[78]  T. Yoneda,et al.  Variation of amount of muscle discharges during ballistic isometric voluntary contraction in man , 1983, Brain Research.

[79]  U Proske,et al.  Stiffness of cat soleus muscle and tendon during activation of part of muscle. , 1984, Journal of neurophysiology.

[80]  W A MacKay Resonance properties of the human elbow. , 1984, Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology.

[81]  G. Goldspink,et al.  Connective tissue changes and physical properties of developing and ageing skeletal muscle. , 1984, Journal of anatomy.

[82]  P. Rack,et al.  Elastic properties of the cat soleus tendon and their functional importance. , 1984, The Journal of physiology.

[83]  P. Rack,et al.  The tendon of flexor pollicis longus: its effects on the muscular control of force and position at the human thumb. , 1984, The Journal of physiology.

[84]  J. Hay,et al.  Human Strength Curves , 1984, Exercise and sport sciences reviews.

[85]  Thomas A. McMahon,et al.  Muscles, Reflexes, and Locomotion , 1984 .

[86]  A. Magid,et al.  Myofibrils bear most of the resting tension in frog skeletal muscle. , 1985, Science.

[87]  G I Zahalak,et al.  The mechanical response of the active human triceps brachii muscle to very rapid stretch and shortening. , 1985, Journal of biomechanics.

[88]  N. Curtin,et al.  Energetic aspects of muscle contraction. , 1985, Monographs of the Physiological Society.

[89]  R. D. Woittiez,et al.  Inter-individual differences in the passive resistance of the human knee , 1985 .

[90]  Z. Hasan,et al.  Isometric torque-angle relationship and movement-related activity of human elbow flexors: implications for the equilibrium-point hypothesis. , 1985, Experimental brain research.

[91]  A. G. Feldman Once More on the Equilibrium-Point Hypothesis (λ Model) for Motor Control , 1986 .

[92]  W. Rymer,et al.  Characteristics of synergic relations during isometric contractions of human elbow muscles. , 1986, Journal of neurophysiology.

[93]  Fel'dman Ag,et al.  Description of electromyograms using a mathematical model of single joint movement , 1986 .

[94]  J. Murphy,et al.  Measurements of human forearm viscoelasticity. , 1986, Journal of biomechanics.

[95]  R. F. Ker,et al.  Mechanical properties of various mammalian tendons , 1986 .

[96]  M. Bobbert,et al.  A model of the human triceps surae muscle-tendon complex applied to jumping. , 1986, Journal of biomechanics.

[97]  S. Woo,et al.  Biomechanics of Tendons and Ligaments , 1986 .

[98]  U Proske,et al.  Tendon stiffness: methods of measurement and significance for the control of movement. A review. , 1987, Journal of biomechanics.

[99]  R. Griffiths Ultrasound transit time gives direct measurement of muscle fibre length in vivo , 1987, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[100]  I W Hunter,et al.  Human ankle joint stiffness over the full range of muscle activation levels. , 1988, Journal of biomechanics.

[101]  B. Treijtel,et al.  Elastic properties of relaxed, activated, and rigor muscle fibers measured with microsecond resolution. , 1988, Biophysical journal.

[102]  G. Gottlieb,et al.  Compliance of single joints: elastic and plastic characteristics. , 1988, Journal of neurophysiology.

[103]  T. Sinkjaer,et al.  Muscle stiffness in human ankle dorsiflexors: intrinsic and reflex components. , 1988, Journal of neurophysiology.

[104]  R. M. Alexander,et al.  Elastic mechanisms in animal movement , 1988 .

[105]  F. Zajac Muscle and tendon: properties, models, scaling, and application to biomechanics and motor control. , 1989, Critical reviews in biomedical engineering.

[106]  B. Treijtel,et al.  Weakly attached cross-bridges in relaxed frog muscle fibers. , 1989, Biophysical journal.

[107]  R. Griffiths,et al.  Roles of muscle activity and load on the relationship between muscle spindle length and whole muscle length in the freely walking cat. , 1989, Progress in brain research.

[108]  B. Brenner Muscle Mechanics and Biochemical Kinetics , 1990 .

[109]  J. Flanagan,et al.  The Origin of Electromyograms - Explanations Based on the Equilibrium Point Hypothesis , 1990 .

[110]  J A Nicholas,et al.  The influence of flexibility on the economy of walking and jogging , 1990, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[111]  At L. Hof,et al.  Effects of Muscle Elasticity in Walking and Running , 1990 .

[112]  R. Shadwick,et al.  Elastic energy storage in tendons: mechanical differences related to function and age. , 1990, Journal of applied physiology.

[113]  T. McMahon Spring-Like Properties of Muscles and Reflexes in Running , 1990 .

[114]  Jack M. Winters,et al.  Multiple Muscle Systems , 1990, Springer New York.

[115]  N. Hogan Mechanical Impedance of Single- and Multi-Articular Systems , 1990 .

[116]  M. Latash,et al.  An equilibrium-point model for fast, single-joint movement: I. Emergence of strategy-dependent EMG patterns. , 1991, Journal of motor behavior.

[117]  E B Simonsen,et al.  Dynamic control of muscle stiffness and H reflex modulation during hopping and jumping in man. , 1991, The Journal of physiology.

[118]  G. L. Gottlieb,et al.  Reconstruction of shifting elbow joint compliant characteristics during fast and slow movements , 1991, Neuroscience.

[119]  M. Taussig The Nervous System , 1991 .

[120]  R. Griffiths Shortening of muscle fibres during stretch of the active cat medial gastrocnemius muscle: the role of tendon compliance. , 1991, The Journal of physiology.

[121]  N. Hogan,et al.  Does the nervous system use equilibrium-point control to guide single and multiple joint movements? , 1992, The Behavioral and brain sciences.

[122]  Z. Hasan,et al.  Is stiffness the mainspring of posture and movement , 1992 .

[123]  P. Crago,et al.  Equilibrium-point hypothesis, minimum effort control strategy and the triphasic muscle activation pattern , 1992 .

[124]  G L Smidt,et al.  Human plantarflexor stiffness to multiple single-stretch trials. , 1992, Journal of biomechanics.

[125]  M. Latash Virtual trajectories, joint stiffness, and changes in the limb natural frequency during single-joint oscillatory movements , 1992, Neuroscience.