Electrophysiologic and Anatomic Characterization of Sites Resistant to Electrical Isolation During Circumferential Pulmonary Vein Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation: A Prospective Study

Background: Catheter ablation (CA) by wide encirclement of pulmonary veins (WEPV) restores sinus rhythm in up to 95%. Complex PV–left atrial (LA) connections make achieving electrical isolation (EI) challenging. We examined anatomical and technical features associated with resistance to EI during WEPV in a prospective study.

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